Race Flashcards
1
Q
define ethnicity
A
Buettner - a highly elastic concept applied to groups who say they share or are perceived to share some combination of cultural, historical, racial, religious, or linguistic features]
Defined from nation as nation has typically defined geographical borders - triggers patriotism.
Ethnicity triggers racism - Hutchingdon
2
Q
Define ethnic
A
Greek noun ethnos and is commonly translated as ‘nation,’ or ‘people
3
Q
What is the Barth definition of ethnic group?
A
- Biologically self-perpetuating
- Shares fundamental cultural values
- Makes up a field of communication
- Membership definable from others
Preference over culture than biology
4
Q
What do the biological dimensions of ethnicity lead to?
A
Civilising missions,
Assimilation
Sexual reproduction control
Genocide
5
Q
Tonkin on ethnic
A
Greek employment of the word tightly related to the language of undifferentiated swarms of animals - barbarians
Frequently implied inferiority
6
Q
What are the foundations of race?
A
Physical, inherited, biological qualities
7
Q
Wade
A
Divisions between race and ethnicity are imprecise
- Assigning cultural significance to race is choice
8
Q
Stuart Hall
A
Experience in Jamaica - whiter skin colour = more respectable. Such a thing as a ‘local white’, which falls under black elsewhere
9
Q
What does the radicalising of a group do?
A
Homogenisation into one distinct other
10
Q
Obama on mixed race
A
“back and forth between my black and white worlds”
11
Q
UNESCO declaration
A
1950 - no biological foundation to race categories
12
Q
Why is gender closely related to gender?
A
Similar situation of biological determinism - Joan Scott - signifying hierarchies of power
13
Q
What is interesting about the Roman identity?
A
Mutable - one could become a Roman, and could happily co-exist within other local or regional affiliations
14
Q
卐 Nazis 卐
A
Rendered diverse Germanic speaking peoples of medieval periods as one unified German race
15
Q
Good Jewish/ Moors case study
A
groups can co-exist despite religious, cultural and linguistic differences. Same group under extreme persecution in different eras in England and Spain - through massacres and expulsions between 11-15th C.
16
Q
Conquest of Granada
A
1492, those not converted were expelled
17
Q
Nirenberg
A
Religious identities were fused with race during the period, which supplanted other notions of identity
18
Q
Impact of colonial encounter
A
Development of racial hierarchy - darker skin, more inferior - Iberia, 1492
19
Q
Biblical allusions to racial identities
A
The Curse of Ham - racial identities given to the children of Noah
20
Q
Scientific Racism (Buettner)
A
Developed and used by Europeans
21
Q
Free trade agreements between Japan and England
A
Not fully honoured on the account of the Japanese not being civilised people
22
Q
The Manchurian Crisis
A
Japanese perceived supremacy of the undermensch
23
Q
Changing of the ethnic cloth of a race?
A
The Satsuma rebellion - Samurai rebuke of the westernising forces affecting the Meiji government
24
Q
Historians on the scramble for Africa
A
Ranger, Iliffe, Vail - homogenisation of tribal traditions to make singular opposable ethnicity
25
What happened under the British Raj in 19th 20th C?
Caste and religious community presented as immutable
26
Pandey
British common sense made false totalities of ready-made religious communities - Hindu, Muslim, Sikh,
27
Gilman
'illusion of an absolute difference between self and other'
28
What was characteristic of British racial decline?
Emphasis of the damaging impact of Irish and Eastern European Jews
29
Transition of immigration in America
1920-1960 - movement from race to alternate identifier - White, Caucasian, Hispanic etc. - formerly a race apart citizens (Jews, Irish) were de jure assimilated - indicative of fluidity of ideas
30
Although the boundaries of white became flexible, what happened to black identity?
veneer of fixedness - ethnically diverse backgrounds homogenised - the 'one drop rule' took any lineage of African origin to be considered as black
31
How can Germany's nationhood be described in the Nazi years
ethnocultural
32
What did the 1935 Nuremberg Laws do?
Jews defined according to race, not religious faith
33
Mann
The defeat of Nazism was not the end of racial discrimination - ethnic Germans became the new disease
34
What happened in Rwanda?
Hutus massacred Tutsis - 800,000 killed
35
Where do women fit into the picture?
Naimark- women as carriers of the next generation of nation (hence ethnic cleansing focuses on women (William Wallace))
36
What did the 1948 Nationality Act do?
Shored up Britain's colonial and commonwealth relations and formalised feee access for all colonial and commonwealth subjects
37
Despite being multiethnic, what does Gilroy suggests occurs in Britain?
'ethnic absolutism' - de factor exclusion from ideological conceptions of the nation
38
Du Bois
- Race as a fallacy
- Tool by white people to keep black people down
- Sees direct correlation between race and class
- Nurtured racial uplift
- so long as Americans preoccupied with colour over class, solidarity to avoid exploitation impossible
- Racism, through slave trade -economic god, "motor of worldwide industrialisation"
39
Marcus Garvey
Universal Negro Improvement Association - UNIA - black nationalism, repatriation to Liberia
40
Kidd, C - definition of racism
“A realm not of objective science, but of cultural subjectivity and creativity."
41
Fredrickson, G - Apartheid
Fall of Apartheid sees the end of government committed to vertical categories of race
42
Guyatt
Race is either vertical or horizontal
43
Poverty and incarceration rates, 2010
3x more poverty for AAs
| 8x more convictions
44
Is race a neutral term?
NO - visceral, irrational, emotional
45
What is important between race and slavery in Ancient Greece?
- Greeks created xenophobia, but this is jingoism, not racism
- Slavery in Greece and Rome is not racialised
46
Role of enlightenment
- Enlightenment provided framework for racial hierarchy
- George L Mosse - Toward the Final Solution
- Enlightenment did not eliminate racism or anti-semitism by 18th C.
- Encouraged mania for the classification of nature and people
- Classification led to the framework for horizontal segregation of races
47
slavery/ racism dichotomy?
Which led to which?
48
Eriksen
1. Ethnicity and class - distinguish either through Marx or Weber
Marx - economic aspects - capitalist, petit bourgeoisie, proletarian
Weber - multifarious - including political influence and education for e.g.
49
Rwanda and Yugoslavia
- Not racial, but ethnic
| - Ethnicity no more benign than race
50
Barker - New Racism
Focus on cultural distinction, not on inherited characteristics - same purpose - installation of hierarchy
51
Variability of race and ethnicity
Discrimination in America more race than ethnicity
Division in India is religion, not race
Ethnic discrimination in Trinidad is deemed racism, whereas in Mauritius it is referred to as 'communalism'
52
Differences between race and ethnicity
race is typically negative - a formation of a them
| ethnicity is more positive - a formation of an us
53
word search programme on anthropological texts
- finds decline in the use of structure
- rise in the language of base and superstructure
- rise and commitment to language of ethnicity
54
Glazer
No such thing as the American melting pot - rather, fostered a distinct paranoia of identity which was formative in lifestyle
55
What are stimulants to indigenous group conflicts
activated at the wish for the majority group to control ecological, economic or human resources.
Botswana - the San people do not conform to ethnic dimensions for being fragmented politically and socially, but can be categorised as hunter-gatherers - alienated by the assumption of control by more dominant forces in Botswana
Multilevel belonging
56
Gellner
"modern society is both more homogenous and more diversified than those which precede it"
57
Impact of globalisation on the category of race
Ethnic boundaries collapsed through efforts of TNCs and media penetration - McDonaldisation and coca-cola effect. Further, the internet
However, has also spawned significant 'localisms' - usually ethnic, religious and regional in nature - Arabic Muslims and terrorism 9/11
58
Mauritian case study
Traditionally ethnically divided labour market
- Disbanded by democratisation and industrialisation
- rolling effect through education
59
Education for Death
1. Gregor Ziemer - about the education process in Germany- more important of the adaptation it received by Disney
60
Frederickson - General
1. sense of difference allows for ethnoracial treatment otherwise deemed unacceptable for our race
2. Racism rooted in religion, but also not fully fledged ideology until modernity
3. herrenvolk democracy in USA under Jackson - the period where franchise was given to only whites
4. Racism is unique to each nation
61
Describe the Indian caste system
Fixed social stratification system based on varna and jati
Jāti - caste, and refers to birth. The names of jātis are usually derived from occupations, and considered to be hereditary and endogamous
Varna may be translated as "class"
In India, 36.3% of people own no land at all, 60.6% own about 15% of the land, with a very wealthy 3.1% owning 15% of the land
62
Jews connoted to Satan
John 8:44 Christ - "You are of your father the devil"
63
Can too much be made of black - evil, white -pure dichotomy?
Yes - why did nuns and priests wear black?
64
What saw the sanctification of the blacks?
The first non-Jew convert to Christianity was an Ethiopian Eunuch
65
Division between Ethiopia and Christendom
1439 - refused to bow to Pope in Florence
66
Sweet
Christian co-existence with Muslims saw the imparting of knowledge that black should be associated with servitude
67
Columbus and Native Indians
Subservients - 'noble savages' - could be taught
| hostiles - 'cannibals' - exterminate
68
What happened in Spain?
First emergence of herrenvolk egalitarianism - master race- see the process of limpieza de sangre - purity of the blood
69
WEB Du Bois on White Labourers
"The white group of labourers while they received a low wage, were compensated in part by a sort of public and psychological wage. They were given public deference and titles of courtesy because they were white"
70
Wilhelmine Reich
Not hostile to Jews on economic ground, but on cultural ground
71
Which enlightenment thinker designed the species delineation of men?
Carl Linnaeus, 1735
Europeans - "acute, inventive, governed by laws"
Africans - "crafty, indolent, governed by caprice"
72
What were Africans?
Nearer apes than other men
73
findings of the American School of Ethnology 1840s
Scientific evidence behind three races of Americans - white, black and natives - belonging to vastly unequal races
74
What was the contribution of Von Herder?
Volksgeist - culture coded racism
75
What happened in 1654? (Stuart)
Wedding in Augsburg between Barbara Leichnam and Andreas Anhauser.
Barbara - Skinner - unehrliche Leute - dishonourable people
Andreas - honourable respectable fisherman
Families attempted to prevent marriage, failed
Government ruled children could not be part of fishermans guild
76
Origins and impact of dishonour in Germany (Stuart)
Unehrlichkeit - emerged in 14th c, consolidated in 16th c, became fully fledged legal and social distinction in 17-18th c.
77
Who were unehrlichtkeit?(Stuart)
Grave diggers, skinners, executioners, shepherds, millers, nightwatchman, bailiffs
78
unehrlichtkeit - properties (Stuart)
Dishonour transmitted through heritage
79
How could unehrlichtkeit be transmitted? (Stuart)
Through a form of social discipline. For instance, in the case of Leonard Eder, 1629, the accidental killing of a dog led to dishonour - not about animal cruelty, but the fact Leonard had performed the job of a skinner
80
Banton's (1970) 6 basic orders in race relations
1. institutionalised contact
2. acculturation
3. domination
4. paternalism
5. integration
6. pluralism
81
Rex (1979) on Asian and West Indian communities in Britain
Asian - focus on capital accumulation and mobility
| West Indian - withdrawal from competition, formation of 'defensive confrontation'
82
William Wilson (1973) thesis
Relationship between race, power and race relations key in the promulgation of differentiation
83
Who were influential in 1970s
Rex, Wilson, Banton
84
What happened to racism in the 1980s?
Took on board Marxist, feminist, postcolonial and other theoretical guises
85
What was the result of the 1980s movement in racial thought
proliferation to fields of geography, anthropology, sociology, psychology and more (Rex and Mason)
86
Miles' definition of race (The Empire Strikes Back)
a human construct - an ideology with regulatory power in society (Writing in the 1980s) - a mask hiding economic relationships
ABOVE ALL A POLITICAL CONSTRUCT (1992)
87
What is important about Miles?
Operating in a time when net-marxism was forming a counter narrative to the New Right
88
Issues with contemporary historiography
Distinct lack of substantive examination of anti-semitism - impact of the Nazis
89
Mosse - contribution
The Crisis of German Ideology - latent anti-semite opinion distilled by education, youth organisations and political parties allowed for latent AS to be exploited by Hitler. This was more perpetuated by the anti-modernist movement of volk ideology than (initially) explicit hatred for Jews
90
Bauman contribution
Holocaust not aberration but integral feature of modernity - means to end of perfect race
91
Marty and Appleby
The fundamentalist project
92
Examples of black feminist works of the 1980s
Michele Wallace Black Macho and the Myth of the Superwoman
| Bell Hooks Ain't I A Woman: Black Women and Feminism - both identified limitations of feminism with regards to race
93
Goldberg 1993
Responding to outburst of different forms of racial thought - "the presumption of a single monolithic racism is being displaced by a mapping of the multifarious historical formulations of racisms"
94
Changing trends of racism in Britain 1980s 1990s
1980s - New Racism or Cultural Racism (Fanon)
| focus on the deconstruction of the British/English way of life in the face of foreign influence
95
1990s racism
Stuart Hall/ David Goldberg - manifestations of race coded in a language to circumvent accusation
96
What happened in Jamaica during the 1970s
Awareness of black identity as historical construct - attempt to utilise positively
97
What does Hall suggest about the Jamaican society?
social stratification based on physical attributes among most complex in world
98
What is one of the major silences in racial discourse?
Asians in Britain - identify with the struggle of black, without being members
99
Hall on black
Black is not about pigmentation, about political historical and cultural categories
100
Modood
Black as a catch all in Britain erased cultural differences and economic successes of Asians.
101
What did Rushdie do to the racial debate?
shattered category of black by making an issue out of Muslims and Islam
102
What does Ranger do?
Attempt to undermine the public conceptions of racial dimensions surrounding Africa
103
Edward Said
Orientalist - accredited with finding non-western versions of otherness
cultural power — the power to define others — is inextricably linked with the political power to dominate; one of the first scholars to introduce such notions of culture and power into Western academics.
104
Criticisms of Said
Orientalist historians who argue that by constructing a stereotype of the European, that he ignored the widespread and fundamental differences of opinion among western scholars of the Orient
105
Said and Bhabha
construction of stereotypes critical in the imperialist hegemonic project
106
Lola Young
Both white women and black men presented dependent on the oppositional white man
107
Did the sanctity of the female body extend to African women?
No. Experimentation and public naked display
108
Evidence of third wave black feminism
Chicken heads - Joan Morgan
Tales of a bulletproof diva - Lisa Jones
Mamas Girl - Veronica Chambers
written in 1990s, originally drowned out in the third wave
109
Waves of feminism
Analogous when race injected
1. How to fit with abolitionists - Mary Cary
2. How to fit with women opposing rape? Aint I a Woman: Female Slaves in the Plantation South
doesn't fit first wave
110
Eduardo Bonilla-Silva
Movement from Bi-Racial to Tri-Racial system - black and white to black, honorary whites and whites
111
What constitutes an honorary white?
```
Light skinned Latinos
Japanese Americans
Korean Americans
Asian Indians
Middle Eastern Americans
Multiracial
```
112
Haddad (2002)
Muslims in the West
| -
113
Mosques in England
13 in 1963, 338 1985, 600 - 1998
114
What is the MCB, when did it form and why?
Muslim
115
What was the Honeyford Affair?
Headmaster of Bradford school rejected need to cater for minorities' education requirements
116
What did the Rushdie Affair see?
Muslims burn books, reminiscent of Nazi Germany, Ayatollah Khomeini issues fatwa - KILL THE INFIDEL - slightly intolerant
117
What did the Runnymede commission find?
anti-Muslim growth = rapid and dangerous - even spawned word 'islamophobia'
118
Muslim calls in England
```
Ritual animal killing
halal meat
separate education
separate cemeteries
Single sex education
Modesty in clothing
Exemption from lotteries
Polygamy
Talaq - triple divorce
```
119
What is Laicite?
French secularisation law - generally led to privatisation of religious belief.
120
When was Laicite disrupted?
Islamic Headscarf Affair of 1989
121
Historiographical theme of the 1990s/2000s?
Impact of globalisation
122
Simonsen
Islam - 2nd Biggest religion in Denmark - since 1970s -seen as threat to liberal plural system due to threatening numbers. Raised fundamental question of compatibility of Islam with Democracy
123
Another historiographical trend of the 1990s
White studies
124
Alastair Bonnet
Development of whiteness is a contradictory, crisis prone identity - European colonial, imperial identity which provided legitimacy to be a civilising force
Whiteness, though the crown the global, neoliberal epoch, is in decline - white man's mission presented as anachronistic.
Whiteness defeated by own success- cannot handle Russia going from white to red = not all white people are fit to rule, not all white is supreme.
125
Dikotter
- Damaging effect of racial consciousness and discrimination in ancient and medieval China
126
Who criticises Dikotter
Crossley - assertion that Dikotter's findings were inherently based on modern interpretations of chinese words which had differing meanings ascribed to them
127
Chinese social system as ethnic
Social elite delineated from the 'black-headed' peasant people
(black-head - burnt by sun)
128
George Best, 1578
Does not acknowledge Native Americans as black, but white
129
Dwyer
Race is discursive, often presented as biological, but varying in different times and places
130
Bayly
Rejects the treatment of orientalists towards caste, without appreciation of major themes like varna and jati, Brahmanism etc.
131
Gordon Allport's definition of stereotype
"an exaggerated belief associated with a category... whose function is to justify our conduct in relation to that category"
132
What was special about the Barbary Slave Trade?
It was white European slavery
133
Lowe
1. Stereotyping of black image runs concurrently with the rise of black slavery
2. Civilisation as a white mission rises in the Renaissance with mass slave trade
3. Otherness not only came from colour, but practices - not being Christian, not wearing clothes, Jewish circumcision etc.
134
Adoration of the Magi
Presented African kings in lavish, unorthodox wears - despite the fact no African kings entered Europe during the period
135
Occupational roles of blacks in Renaissance Europe
Musicians
Bodyguards
Mercenaries
Dancing
136
Sabean
Pointing to one case of Anna Catharina, Sebean constructs the case for the otherness to be from within, and as part of power struggle dependent on pseudo-christian paranoia
137
Weiner
social-Darwinian theory was the basis upon which imperial expansionism was made honourable in Japan. National success was based on a fetishness around seizon kyōsō and yūshō reppai (struggle for survival and survival of the fittest respectfully)
138
Meiji Japan
Obsessed with the contrast between the modern, civilised Japan and the inferior.
Even urban slum seen as race apart - presented as yaban ('savagery') and ikai ('barbarism')
139
What was imperial expansion in Japan characterised as?
As redemptive mission which the honourable minzoku had to carry out
140
Kelly - Racial Paternalism
Jim Crow Laws made employment of blacks in Alabama preferable to Whites - as they were deprived of rights. Led to fostering of black work force, with less abrasive measures - justified Booker T Washington's ideal of working towards equality.
141
When were jews expelled from Britain?
1290
142
Bruce 1995
Race is a scientific fallacy but a sociopolitical reality
143
Goldberg
Race gives social relations a veneer of fixedness
144
Isaac
Jew in Amsterdam after World War II - racial impact formative
Calls on Greek and Roman primary source from 5 BCE to 4 AD
term racism can be used to denote some attitudes in antiquity, it alone is not sufficient to account for the wide-range of ideas that crafted and explained difference throughout Creek and Roman thought.
Porto-Racism - model of otherness which has bearing to, but is not the same as, modern racial thought
Influenced by the recent exposure of race as a socio-historical construct rather than any biological fact
145
Isaac definition of race
"a group of people who are believed to share imagined common characteristics, physical and or mental or moral which cannot be changed by human will, because they are thought to be determined by unalterable, stable physical factors: hereditary, or external, such as climate or geography"
146
The role of race in Rome
"satisfies psychological needs through its apparent justification of essential inequality"
147
Issues with Isaac
Jarring insistence on the "popularity of black slaves in fifth-century Athens" (212), a claim that, even in passing, dangerously insinuates a correlation between black skin color and ancient slavery.
- No evidence for popularity
- Slaves typically PoWs
148
Aristotle on Slaves
Greek and barbarian onto the positions of master and slave. Thus, according to Aristotle, while Greeks were free by nature, barbarians were naturally servile
149
Sojourner Truth
‘Ain’t I a Woman?’ delivered in 1851 at the Ohio Women’s Rights Convention in Akron.
150
Harriet Tubman
Escaped convict
151
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Uncle Tom's Cabin
152
Manningham Riot
Manningham riot was a short but intense period of racial rioting which took place from 9–11 June 1995, in the district of Manningham in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England
153
Bradford Riot
The Bradford Riots were a short but intense period of rioting which began on 7 July 2001, in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. It occurred as a result of heightened tension between the large and growing British Asian communities and the city's white majority, escalated by confrontation between the Anti-Nazi League and far right groups such as the British National Party and the National Front
154
Definers of Race (11)
1. Wade
2. Isaac
3. UNESCO
4. Miles
5. Goldberg
6. Buettner
7. Du Bois
8. Dwyer
9. Bruce
10. Said
11. Kidd
155
Another definition of race
Race" is a poly-semantic word - typically focused on culture now.
