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HAP - Paper 1 > Environmental History > Flashcards

Environmental History Flashcards

1
Q

First signs of environmental history in America

A

1926 study - ‘soil exhaustion as a factor in the agricultural history of Virginia and Maryland, 1606-1860’

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2
Q

dark green ecologism

A

James Lovelock/ Arne Naess

ejection of anthropocentric analysis of earth, belief in the right of the world to its own philosophical interpretation, in which everything forms a single whole, in which humans are just an equal component – a knot in a net

Mystical, philosophical approach which rejects science, arguing that it would be impossible to quantify the amount of damage inflicted upon the earth Holism, expressed through Gaia (everything is connected)
Everything, including non-sentient beings, is equal

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3
Q

What was the first real main-stream version of environmental history?

A

1963 - Silent Spring (Rachel Carson)

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4
Q

Leigh Shaw Taylor findings

A
  • imply, it is a economic past, concerned with how mankind overtime has used resources to create wealth, shelter, food and bruises
  • Boundaries of fluid and debatable
  • Economic history starts with Adam Smith’s publishing of the wealth of nations in 1776
  • It is then followed up in 1798 by Malthus’ essay on population
  • By 1882, William Cunningham I published growth of English industry and commerce
  • By 1884, Arnold Toynbee’s lectures on the Industrial Revolution published
  • In the 19 century professional historians largely ignored economic and social life and focused primarily on the state
  • During the 19th century political economy morphed into economics and became an essentially ahistorical discipline
  • Fundamentally, the progenitor of economic history are focusing on the transfer and exercise of Capital from human and mineral extraction utility.
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5
Q

Davis

A

Focus on new econometric methods of economic history, in particular, the basis of the study conducted by Professor Fogel on Railroads and American Economic Growth: Essays in Economic History

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6
Q

Traditional economics vs econometric economics

A

Traditional economic history also has its models, but all too frequently they are implicit, not explicit. As a result, the reader is often asked to accept logical conclusions based on sets of assumptions or chains of reasoning that are very peculiar indeed and he is not made aware of the pecularities.

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7
Q

What does McNeill suggest about the nature of envrionmental history?

A

As interdisciplinary as they come - porous with disease history, economic history, the history of science and technology and social history

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8
Q

Colinvaux and Diamond

A

Tropical ecologists - socio-ecological explanations of world history - Fates of Nations 1980 and Guns, germs and Steel 1997

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9
Q

China

A

all roads lead to China colour country where wages were extraordinarily low, trade unions were brutally suppressed, and the state was willing to spend seemingly limitless funds are massive infrastructure projects–modern ports, sprawling highway systems, endless numbers of coal-fired power plants, massive dams–or to ensure the light stays on in the factories and goods made for it. A free traders dream, In other words –and a climate nightmare.

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10
Q

Sorlin

A

Env is the product of contemporary history - or modernity

Something Under the Sun 2000 - on env, sometimes consults world war, high politics

Env history is bridge builder to other humanities and disciplines

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11
Q

Bsumek

A

The field of international environmental history grows from various strands of historical inquiry rooted in questions about diplomacy, state formation, environmental politics, human impacts on ecology, the shifting cultural meanings associated with nature, and the flow of people, plants, animals, and diseases across the world

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12
Q

Impact of environmentalism

A

places disproportionate stress on capitalism (and thus economic history) as a causal factor of a teleological narrative of environmental decline.

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13
Q

Grove

A
  • In the 19th Century - typically referred to as historical geography - culminating in Man’s Role in changing the face of the Earth (W L Thomas)
  • Colonial environmental change important in galvanising subject
    *
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14
Q

Henry Hobhouse

A

Seeds of Change; Five Plants that transformed mankind (1985) - focus on plant ecology

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15
Q

Anker - Imperial Ecology

A

Deep and discriminatory fears about extreme climatic events, racisal difference and identity run right through histories of empires and formulations of global environmental and climate change

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16
Q

What is the cultural turn

A

From 1970s onwards, to make culture the focus of contemporary debates; it also describes a shift in emphasis toward meaning and away from a positivist epistemology.

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17
Q

When did Chinese environmental history develop?

A

Also in 1980s, though not from within China - primarily done by Westerners (much weaker than Indian history)

Stimulated by the release of imperial archives to foreigners - led to focus on Qing Dynasty

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18
Q

Fossil fuel companies

A

Not only do fossil fuel companies receive $775,000,000,000-$1,000,000,000,000 in annual global subsidies, but they pay nothing for the privilege of treating our shared atmosphere as a free waste dump

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19
Q

What did the British government do in Iran?

A

Installed puppet state in 1953 w/ intent of securing oil flow

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20
Q

What did Ban Ki-moon assert in Copenhagen

A

“I have been urging them to speak and to act as global leaders; just go beyond their national boundaries,” UN secretary general Ban Ki-moon asserted in 2009 before a major climate meeting in Copenhagen

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21
Q

Vogt

A

‘Earth company’ - individualism good, bad for environment

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22
Q

What happened to Francis of Assissi?

A

Mendicant orders would also challenge this notion, whilst the original conception of the Order was the rejection of material wealth, but again, the Catholicising of the Order following the death of Francis of Assisi saw the transmogrification of the sect into a more materialistic entity.

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23
Q

What is important to note about environmental history?

A

It’s still relatively new, with around 7000 practitioners currently. Inherently a US dominated affair.

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24
Q

What is characteristic about environmentalism according to Crosby?

A

Typically subserviant to other matters - i.e. Spanish Flu killed 20 million people - higher than WWI death count by some 3 million.

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25
Q

East

A

The Geography Behind History - released in antebellum of WWII. Reflection of anxieties towards human ability to manipulate the environment - repsonsive to WWI

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26
Q

What are McNeill’s three areas of environmental enquiry?

A

1) Material environmental history - human interaction and involvement with all things. Most important for the last 200 years with the rise of the industrial revolution
2) policy related environmental history - conscious policy decision made on the subject of interacting with the environment o.e. soil erosion
3) Human thought on the environment - the process of mental regard of the environment

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27
Q

what was the benefit to mercantile capitalism of Venice and Genoa?

A

The attraction of Venice and Genoa, for instance, was its access to the sea, allowing economic trading routes to be firmly established.

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28
Q

What stimulated the adoption of environmental history globally in the 1970s

A

The popularity of ecologism

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29
Q

Crawl Out from the Fallout, 1960

A

Sheldon Allman

“Crawl out through the fallout, baby
To my loving arms
Through the rain of Strontium 90
Think about your hero
When you’re at Ground Zero
And crawl out through the fallout back to me”

Something so light hearted talking about topics like Strontium 90 is highly HIGHLY significant

30
Q

Carson

A

Impact of DTDs and Strontium 90 on the environment - ecological damage etc (1963)

31
Q

Sumerian society decline

A

Southern Mesopotamia - was on the basis of the economics of land exploitation and population growth. The Sumerians were established within an ecosystem where an agrarian economy could be sustained. This was only made possible by the geographical configuration of the land which provided fertile soil and the potential for irrigation; despite the fact much of the land was low-lying and exposed to flooding. The expansion of Sumerian population between 2500 B.C. and 2100 B.C. meant pressure on the environment to cater for the needs of the settlement were exceeded, leading to a collapse of the system and the downfall of the Ur Empire by 2000 B.C. as crop yields failed due to soil exhaustion and inadequate irrigation supply. This is comparable to Easter Island, where similar over-exploitation of natural resources ultimately outstripped supply resulting in the decline of society.

32
Q

David Christian

A

Maps of Time aspires to go even further than world history will take him. Christian’s notion of “Big History” transforms the idea of time and the concept of nature by looking at the past from the Big Bang and the beginning of the universe to the present

33
Q

Matthew Frye Jacobson

A

Remarked that of “the one hundred largest economic units in the world, only forty-nine are countries, while the other fifty-one are corporations

34
Q

What can be said about the Native Americans?

A

Cheyenne, Cherokee and Navajo: these ‘nations’ were fundamentally hunter-gatherer communities, which, although interacting with the environment in the form of localised deforestation for settlement creation, alongside buffalo hunting for material, did not form an ‘economy’ as understood by economic history

35
Q

Environmentalism

A

Stewardship of the earthm, anthropocentric, awareness, humans as rational

36
Q

Steig

A

main elements of an inconvenient truth are correct. There are however, some basic fallacies in the arguments presented. Particularly, the retreat of places on Kilimanjaro are falsely attributed to global warming.

37
Q

UNESCO facts on water

A

only 2.5% of water is drinkable, only 1% of 2.5% is accessible

38
Q

When did de facto environmental history begin?

A

Daryll Forde’s Habitat, economy and society - highly structured and global approach to environmental essays on history and human societies drawing from Malaya, the Kalahari, Siberia, the Arctic, the Pacfiic

39
Q

What happened in 1400?

A

Genoa had strong international connections with the Mongol Empire, which allowed the trade of Western for Eastern material.

40
Q

What was a hampering factor behind the further development of environmental history in the 1980s?

A

The American school of environmental history entered a discourse exclusively with itself, and conservative opponents to their findings.

41
Q

Where are environmental historians typically from?

A

The ranks of social and economic historians

42
Q

C14 levels from 1963

A

radiocarbon-14 were 200% higher than the rate in 1950, as a result of atomic testing by the U.S. and U.S.S.R. in a global nuclear arms race.

43
Q

Joachim Radkau

A

Nature and Power proclaims that in our current manifestation of globalization we have seen the “deepest rupture in the history of the environment,” a process that has been the “most profound … turning point in global environmental history.”

44
Q

Al Gore

A

An Inconvenient Truth

  • Identification of core causes of climate change, with a close focus on CO2 emissions and domestic responsibility
  • Has to be understood in the context of Kyoto and Club of Rome
45
Q

Carter

A

In a closed dynamic input– output system, the maximum rate of economic growth that can be sustained depends on all sectors input structures: both on capital and current account, including the level and composition of final consumption

  • As the economy gets larger, progressively stricter environmental safeguards will be necessary to simply to maintain any given standards of air and water quality
46
Q

Fogel

A

Chapters 2 and 3 that show Professor Fogel and the ‘new’ economic history at their best. In these two chapters he attempts to estimate the social savings that can be attributed to the railroads’ ability to haul agricultural commodities. For analytical purposes total savings are divided into those accruing from inter-regional shipments of commodities and those occurring from intra- regional. At first glance the problem of estimating the social savings from inter-regional shipments appears truly heroic.

47
Q

Where did original US interest in the environment lie?

A

Investigations into the frontier:

  • Jackson-Turner
  • Henry Adams (emptying the organic treasury of the planet)
48
Q

Impact of Krakatoa and Tunguska?

A

Krakatoa’s detonation in 1893 killed some 40,000 people through a subsequent tsunami, whilst the Tunguska event in 1908 levelled 20,000 km2 of forest

49
Q

Dudley Stamp

A

‘Climate in Burmese History’ - Pagan societal collapse due to episodes of drought

50
Q

when did envrionmental history enter discourse?

A

Henry Berstein - taught class in 1969 called Environmental History in University of London

51
Q

Merchant

A

The gender dimension

  • Women and men historically had different roles in production relative to the environment
  • In gathering hunting-fishing economies, collect and process plants, small animals, birds eggs, and shellfish and fabricated tools, baskets, mats, slings, and clothing, whilst men hunt
  • Native Americans construed the natural world as animated and created by spirits and gods. Origin myths included tales of mother Earth and for the sky, grandmother woodchucks and Coyote tricksters, corn mothers and tree spirits.
  • Mercantile capitalism, industrialisation, and urbanisation began to distance increasing numbers of male elite from the land in 17th century England and in 19th-century America, the mechanistic framework created by fathers of modern science legitimated the use of nature of human profit-making.
    *
52
Q

What is the focus of Alfred Crosby’s Imperial Ecologism?

A

Viruses, pathogens, food, animals and weeds have been complicit in the European colonising movement (criticised for removing human agency)

53
Q

What text was influential on environmental historical thought?

A

Fernand Braudel - The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World - challenge notions of empire, exchange and nature

54
Q

Why were Americans so parochial and introspective?

A

Psychological impact of the Vienam War

55
Q

What was the millenial impact on environmental history

A

Explosion of data flow through the internet

56
Q

What was a instigative factor behind 1960s interest in the enviornment

A

Global destructive power of nuclear bombs

57
Q

Abbott (1928) on Economic History

A

“Geography and history are so closely linked that a scholar in either is a hypen - a geographic-historian or a historical-geographer

58
Q

Eco-feminist

A

Vandana Shiva

ecofeminism believes that environmental science has been patriarchal in nature – men see themselves as superior to nature

59
Q

What was the dominant view of environmentalism in the 18th Century?

A

Henry David Thoreau - tended to be philosophical, sentimental

60
Q

Temin

A

Applicant of new economics

Using very simple economic models, regression techniques, and a nose for data, Professor Temin has produced a book which contributes greatly to our understanding of the nineteenth-century steel industry.

61
Q

How does McNeill define Envirionmental history?

A

“The relationship between human societies and the rest of nature on which they depended”

62
Q

Naomi Klein

A

Polemic on market fundamentalism leading to the victory of climate scepticism over environmental concern

  • Free market fundamentalism accused of active discrimination against environmental projects - case study - Silfab - a solar project in Ontario - declared illegal as it made env. gains which gave Canada an uncompetitive advantage, thus vital sustainable technology was ditched in the name of market fundamentalism
63
Q

When did the Indian environmental movement rise?

A

1980s - focused on land use, irrigation, forestry

64
Q

Smuts, 1932

A

Relationship between environment and evolution, based on findings from plant ecology

65
Q

Light Green Ecologism

A

Still anthropocentric, however belief in greater environmental awareness – maximum frugal society

Schumacher - small is beautiful

66
Q

What were critical years in the formation of official environmental history?

A

1955-56

Landmark - W.L. Thomas - Mans Role in Changing the Face of the Earth

Hoskin’s The Making of the English Landscape

In parallel, India had the development of ecological histories under the Ecole d’Extreme Orient (under Filliozat)

67
Q

What did Pierre Poivre focus on?

A

18th C, Europe - ecological backings of disasters

68
Q

Who has environmental history not touched?

A

Chris Bayly, Niall Ferguson, Linda Colley - imperial historians

69
Q

Earliest allusion to environmental history

A

Plato - the ruination of Attica by soil erosion

70
Q

What is environmental history often accused of being?

A

Declensionist

71
Q

Eco-anarchism

A

Murray Bookchin

Opposition to the behaviour of multinational and transnational corporations – destroy traditional culture, exploit cheap labour, destroy local environments – target Bhopal India, 1984 = Union Carbide Company’s chemical plant exploded – killing 20,000 immediately, creating problems thereafter

HAP - Paper 1 (4 decks)

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