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Diverse Species > Rabbits > Flashcards

Rabbits Flashcards

1
Q 
Lifespan
Heart rate
Respiratory rate
Tidal volume
Rectal temperature
Water intake
Urine output
A 
5-10 years (average 6/7)
150-300bpm
30-60bpm
4-6ml/kg
38.5-40*C
50-150ml/kg (variable)
10-35ml/kg (variable)
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2
Q 
Sexual maturity
Gestation length
Litter size
Newborn weight
Packed cell volume
Total protein
Urine specific gravity
Urine pH
A 
16 weeks (4-8 months)
30-33 days
1-8
30-80g
33-50%
49-71g/L
1.003-1.035
8-9
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3
Q

Features of the head

A 
Large erect (or floppy) pinnae
Large protuberant eyes
Cleft lip
Twitchy nose
Vibrissae
Specialised dentition
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4
Q

What do the ears do for the rabbit?

A

Thermoregulation
Funnelling sound
Can rotate 270*C

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5
Q

Why are the ears useful for us?

A

Administering medications and fluids

Blood sampling

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6
Q

Do they have a third eyelid/nictitating membrane?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What gland in the eye produces a very stable tear film?

A

Harderian gland

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8
Q

What does the single ventral lacrimal punctum drain into?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

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9
Q

Protuberant eyes means……

A

Higher risk of trauma

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10
Q

What is the main cause of eye issues?

A

Underlying dental disease

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11
Q

Does the eye have a tapetum?

A

No

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12
Q

What kind of retina do they have?

What does this mean for the eye exam?

A

Merangiotic

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13
Q

Large/small retrobulbar venous plexus (orbital venous sinus)- important to note during enucleation

A

Large

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14
Q

Exopthalmos *

A

Eyes become more protuberant looking

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15
Q

Retrobulbar ……………. is common (check for dental disease)

A

Abscessation

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16
Q

What is the additional extraocular muscle that rabbits have called?

A

Depressor palpebrae

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17
Q

Rectus dorsalis muscle

A

Easily located with minimal dissection

Can be used to stabilise globe during surgery

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18
Q

The large retrobulbar venous sinus is outside/inside the extraocular muscles

A

Outside

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19
Q

Drainage from the eye is via the ………..

A

External jugular

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20
Q

What kind of teeth do rabbits have?

A

Hypsodont teeth
Reserve crown, enamel extends below gumline
Aradicular/elodont (open rooted/no true root)
Peg teeth

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21
Q

……… teeth exceptionally common in pet rabbits *

A

Overgrown

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22
Q

What does chronic dental disease alter?

A

Skull morphology

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23
Q

Nose twitching

A

Normal at rest (up to 150/min)

Rate increases if interested in something (or anxiety sometimes)

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24
Q

Why is it very sensitive to touch on the nares?

A

Blind spot here and adaptations to compensate for it:
Sensitive pads on nares
Vibrissae

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25
Q

…………. nasal breathers

A

Obligate

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26
Q

Epiglottis is rostral/caudal to soft palate

A

Rostral

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27
Q

Compensations for small thoracic cavity *

A

High chest wall compliance
Low functional residual capacity
Diaphragmatic contraction drives breathing

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28
Q

Very sensitive to respiratory ……….

A

Irritants

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29
Q

Lobes of the right lung have?

A

4

Cranial, middle, caudal and accessory

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30
Q

Lobes of the right lung

A

4

Cranial, middle, caudal and accessory

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31
Q

Lobes of the left lung

A

3

Cranial, middle, caudal

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32
Q

Thymus

A

Persists in adult rabbit

Found in the cranial mediastinum

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33
Q

What makes intubation challenging?

A

Long tongue
Small glottis
Narrow oropharynx (large cheeks)
Laryngospasm

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34
Q

Types of tubes for intubation *

A

V gel tubes

Endotracheal tubes

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35
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

90-135 mmHg

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36
Q

Total blood volume

A

50-75 ml/kg

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37
Q

Little …………. circulation

A

Collateral

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38
Q

Electrical conduction system

A

Is simple

Sinoatrial node consists of small group of cells

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39
Q

No ……………. in external jugular vein

A

Anastomoses

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40
Q

Venupuncture sites

Most useful one? *

A

Jugular
Lateral saphenous
Cephalic
Marginal ear vein

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41
Q

………….. fermenters

A

Hindgut

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42
Q

Large …………., huge ………….

A

Stomach

Caecum

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43
Q

Will select …….. over fibre

A

Concentrates

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44
Q

Highly efficient …………..

A

Food converters

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45
Q

Dental disease tends to occur secondary to ………

A

Poor diet (low fibre)

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46
Q

Fibre essential to ……… *

A

Gut health

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47
Q

They do/don’t have a gall bladder

A

Do

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48
Q

Strong tongue ensures ………. *

A

All food is masticated prior to swallowing

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49
Q

Pairs of salivary glands

A 
4
Parotid
Sublingual
Zygomatic
Madncibular
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50
Q

……….. rich saliva released in response to ………….

A

Amylase

Presence of food in mouth

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51
Q

How many layers of striated muscle are there in the oesophagus of a rabbit? How far do they extend?

A

3

To the cardia of the stomach

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52
Q

Stomach lies to left/right of midline

A

Left

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53
Q

Stomach is thin/thick walled and ….. shaped

A

Thin

J

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54
Q

Why do they not vomit?

A

Well developed cardiac sphincter

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55
Q

What is the pH of the stomach? What does this mean?

A

1-2

Stomach and small intestine are practically sterile

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56
Q

Neonate stomach pH

A

5-6.5

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57
Q

Milk oil is produced from 0 to …. weeks

A

6

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58
Q

Small instestine accounts for …% of digestive

A

12

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59
Q

What enzymes does the small intestine secrete? What do these do?
What are they released in response to and what inhibits them?

A

Motilin
Stimulate motility in small intestine, colon and rectum (no effect on caecum)
Released in response to fat,
Inhibited by carbohydrate

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60
Q

What does the terminal ileum end in? What type of tissue is this composed of? *

A

Sacculus rotondus
At the junction with colon and caecum
Sometimes called the caecal tonsil

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61
Q

What does the hindgut consist of?

A

Caecum
Proximal colon
Distal colon

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62
Q

Caecum

A

40% of GI volume (massive)

Ends in vermiform appendix

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63
Q

Proximal colon *

A

~50cm
3 subsections- 3 haustra/sacculations, single haustra, fusus coli
Terminal portion is fusus coli- regulates passage of ingesta into distal colon, separates hard from soft faeces

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64
Q

Distal colon

A

~90cm
No sacculations
Long

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65
Q

Hindgut fermentation

A

In the caecum, micro-organisms (particularly Bacteriodes spp.) perform fermentation, producing VFA which absorb across the caecal wall
The bacteria replicate in the caecum, forming a vital source of protein
Caecal contents are expelled as caecotrophs which are eaten from the anus
Caecal pellet protected from stomach pH (1-2) by mucous covering- bacterial replication continues
Digestion of caecal pellet delivers protein to animal

66
Q

Derangement of GI tract in rabbits is ……..

A

Common and often fatal

67
Q

What controls gut motility, particularly fusus coli? *

A

ANS

68
Q

Hormonal control of GI tract

A

Motilin/prostoglandin

69
Q

Indigestible fibre in gut

What does this do?

A

Cellulose and lignin
Encourages motility
Reduces caecal retention time

70
Q

Hard faeces

A

Contractions in proximal colon speperates indigestible particles from liquid component
Indigestible contents move to centre of lumen, further water absorbed
Hard pellets produced

71
Q

Soft faeces

A

Smaller particles and liquid content move into peripheral lumen
Antiperistalysis returns them to caecum for further fermentation
Cecum contracts to expel soft contents into proximal colon which then move rapidly through distal colon with no further absorption

72
Q

Caecotrophs

A

Produced ~8 hours post feeding
Eaten directly from anus
Provide source of protein, vitamin B, vitamin K
High protein, low fibre diet discourages consumption
High fibre, low protein diet encourages consumption
Diarrhoea uncommon

73
Q

When do rabbits reach sexual maturity? *

Does slightly earlier/later than bucks

A

Earlier

74
Q

Reproductive capacity

A

~60 kits per year (can rebreed immediately after giving birth)

75
Q

What is name given to giving birth in rabbits?

What is a group of rabbits called?

A

Kindling

Fluffle

76
Q

What kind of ovulators are rabbits?

A

Induced ovulators
No well defined oestrus cycle but periods of sexual receptivity
Ovulation occurs 10-13 hours after coitus

77
Q

Parturition

A

Kindling
Lasts ~30 mins
Rarely problems with dystocia

78
Q

Young are born ……….. and require maternal care

A

Altricial

79
Q

How often do kits feed?

A

Once or twice daily, for 3-5 mins at a time

80
Q

Rabbit milk has higher/lower fat, protein and calorie content than other mammalian milk

A

Higher

81
Q

Nutritive value of rabbit milk

A

13% protein
9% fat
1% lactose
2.3% minerals

82
Q

Maternal immunity is ………

A

Placental

83
Q

Why are hand reared kits prone to mortality?

A

Due to lack of milk oil

84
Q

When do kits start to take solid food?

A

~18-21 days

85
Q

Sexing rabbits

A

Best sexed at weaning (5-8weeks) or later

Male rabbit has no nipples

86
Q

Male rabbit

Female rabbit

A

Buck

Doe

87
Q

What does penis sit within?

A

Rounded penile sheath
Can be extruded using gentle digital pressure from 2 months old
No os penis

88
Q

What are the 2 hairless pockets on either side of urogenital area?

A 
Scent glands (females too)
Often have hard/crusty material in them
89
Q

Scrotal sacs *

A

Cranial to penis
Large epidydimal fat pads
Open inguinal canal meaning testes can easily be retracted into abdomen

90
Q

Accessory sex glands (male)

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate, paired bulbourethral glands

91
Q

From what age can castration be carried out?

A

~ 3 months (make sure testes present in the scrotum)

92
Q

What type of uterus does the doe have?

A

Duplex
Large saccular vagina
2 cervices- L & R

93
Q

Oviducts

A

Long and convoluted

94
Q

What stores fat (F reproductive)

A

Mesometrium

Increases with age (can be challenging to neuter late)

95
Q

The uterus and ovarian pedicle are ……….

A

Friable

96
Q

What is pseudopregnancy cause by? And what happens to cause it?
Signs of it

A 
Infertile mating or presence of male
Secretion of progesterone from CL
Enlarged mammary glands and abdomen
May pluck belly and make a nest
Regresses naturally but can occur multiple times
97
Q

From what age can female rabbits be neutered?

When is better to wait until?

A

10-12 weeks
But the uterus can be hard to find
Waiting until 16-20 weeks means they are slightly larger
Intubation is easier over 1Kg
If a small breed of rabbit there is nothing to be gained from waiting much loner than 20 weeks

98
Q

Red blood cells

A

HCT 33-55%
Smaller than canine but larger than feline
Anisocytosis and polychromasia are normal on a smear
Lifespan 57 days

99
Q

White blood cells

A

Lymphocyte most common circulating leucocyte
Neutrophils called heterophils as cytoplasm stains pink-red
Eosinophils have a bilobed nucleus and bright pink staining granules (can be difficult to distinguish the 2)

100
Q

Skeleton is very …… and ……. and accounts for ….-…..% of BW

A

Light
Flexible
6-8%

101
Q

Vertebral formula

A

C7, T12, L7, S4, Cd 16 (variable)

102
Q

Powerful ……… and ……….. muslces

A

Epaxial

Hindlimb

103
Q

Tibia and fibula are ………..

A

Partially fused

104
Q

How many digits are on:
Forelimb
Hindlimb

A

5

4 (at rest entire plantar aspect from toes to hock rests on ground)

105
Q

Do rabbits have footpads?

A

No (furry feet)

106
Q

Skin is very ……. and incredibly ……….

A

Thin

Elastic

107
Q

Hair types

A

3
Long guard hairs
Short guard hairs
Undercoat

108
Q

Fur types *

A

Satin
Rex
Wool
Normal

109
Q

Furry all over except ………..

A

Nose, scrotum, and inguinal area

110
Q

How often do they moult and when?

A

Twice yearly
spring/autumn
Stats at head, travels down body

111
Q

Does develop large ………

A

Dewlaps

112
Q

Hair in the stomach

A

Normal to have some due to grooming

Can lead to problems if the GI tract motility is slow for any other reason

113
Q

What can having no footpads predispose them to? *

A

Ulcerative pododermatitis
Generally exacerbated by hard cage surfaces and unhygienic conditions
More common in overweight animals or those with a thin coat (rex)

114
Q

How many sets of scent glands are there?

Where are they found? *

A

3 sets

115
Q

Kidneys are ……………….

A

Unipapillate

Single medullary pyramid (renal papilla and calyx)

116
Q

Serum calcium concentration in rabbits

Serum calcium concentration in most other mammals

A
  1. 25-3.75 mmol/L

1. 25-1.6 mmol/L

117
Q

How are dangerously high serum levels of calcium avoided? *

A

Action of PTH, calcitonin and active vitamin D3

118
Q

Excess calcium

A

Excreted by the kidneys

Forms calcium carbonate crystals in the urine once reabsorptive capacity of kidney is reached

119
Q

Normal urine colour

A

Varies from pale yellow to dark red
Usually cloudy to some extent
Colour is dietary dependent

120
Q

What can excessive, prolonged dietary calcium intake result in?

A

Development of urolithiasis

Rabbits with high levels of calcium in their diet produce thick, creamy urine

121
Q

What does high urinary pH predispose to?

A

Formation of insoluble calcium precipitates in urine

several husbandry factors feed into this and results in crystal aggregation and formation of bladder and urinary stones

122
Q

Order and family

A

Order: Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, pika)
Family: leporidae

123
Q

European rabbit

A

Oryctolagus cuniculus

124
Q

Adult weight

A

~2-5Kg (variable with breed)

125
Q

Rabbit behaviour

A

Social and gregarious species (live in small bonded family groups
Prey species
Use subtle means of communication (scent marking, body language)
Crepuscular (most active at dawn and dusk)

126
Q

Domestic rabbit behaviour, social and environment

A

Work best in small family groups (single-sex sibling groups, neutered pairs)
Ensure stability of:
Environment- don’t disturb scent marks
Population- introducing new rabbits is tricky

127
Q

How many breeds?

A

~ 60 recognised breeds

128
Q

The Lops *

A

Dwarf lop
Mini lop
French lop
English lop

129
Q

Fancy coated breeds *

A

Angora
Rex
Satin

130
Q

Black and white breeds *

A

Himalayan
Dutch
English

131
Q

Very small breeds *

A

Netherland dwarf

Polish dwarf

132
Q

New Zealand breeds *

A

New Zealand Red

New Zealand White

133
Q

Big breeds *

A

Continental giant

Flemish giant

134
Q

Other breeds

A

The Lionhead

The Belgian Hare

135
Q

What can stress do?

A

Significantly reduce gut motility

136
Q

How to gain a rabbit’s trust

A

Take time- let them come to you/be in charge
Avoid touching the nose
Stroke round cheeks and chin to mimic natural mutual grooming behaviour
Don’t pick up unless you have to
Food

137
Q

Handling

A

Ideally introduce from a young age
As little as possible
Support hindlimbs to avoid damage to spine

138
Q

Tonic immobility *

A

Cortisol increases
Respiratory rate increases
Heart rate increases
A fear response, should not be used as routine restraint or instead of sedation/anaesthesia- they are fully aware

139
Q

They are browsing creatures which means that they can be …….

A

Highly selective

140
Q

Feeding in the wild

A

Would make up the bulk of a rabbit’s activity (can use food as enrichment in domestic rabbits)

141
Q

Increasing dietary fibre decreases ………

A

Stress

Ad lib feeding of long fibre essential

142
Q

Will choose …… and ……. over grass pellets in concentrate diet. Why problematic? *

A

Grains and pulses

143
Q

Why are cereal and concentrate mixes bad?

A 
High protein, high calorie
Selective feeding
Reduced caecotrophy
Boredom
Dental disease
Obesity
144
Q

What do starchy foods lead to?

A

GI disturbances

145
Q

What kind of fibre is essential for gut motility? *

A 
Indigestible fibre
(long fibre)
146
Q

Where does digestible fibre ferment?

A

In Caecum

VFA production for energy

147
Q

Excess digestible fibre means *

A

More caecal dysbiosis

Lawn clipping which ferment readily

148
Q

What should you feed rabbits?

A

Grass (fresh, dried, hay)- ad lib, ~ 80% of diet
A mixture of timothy, fescue, cocksfoot and meadowgrass is ideal
Alfalfa- only for growing rabbits as high protein and calcium levels, lower fibre (legume)
Clover is very high energy= weight gain

149
Q

What should you supplement diet with?

A

Edible leafy plants and leafy greens
Carrot tops, beet tops, spinach, rocket
Fruit only as a treat or training aid
Complete pelleted fibre foods fed sparingly if needed- ~25g/Kg

150
Q

What does the amount of calcium absorbed depend on?

A

The amount of calcium in the gut

151
Q

What regulated calcium?

A 
The kidneys (not gut)
Adapted to absorb calcium if the body needs it and excrete it if calcium levels are adequate
152
Q

Dietary calcium level required for optimal health

A

0.6-1%

RDA of ~510mg for a 2.5KG rabbit

153
Q

Calcium intake depends on both ……………….

A

The calcium content of the food the rabbit is offered and how much it chooses to eat

154
Q

Milk oil is produced due to …….. *

A

Reaction of doe’s milk with digestive enzymes= antimicrobial

Doesn’t form in hand reared kits

155
Q

When does pH of stomach begin to drop?

A

When kit starts to take plant matter in, bacteria colonise caecum and pH in stomach drops

156
Q

When is milk oil no longer necessary?

A

Once pH of stomach drops to 1-2

157
Q

Housing requirements

A 
Space to:
Sit up with ears erect
Hop
Lie down fully stretched
Play
Eat & drink
Maintain hygiene
10-20*C
variety of levels and spaces
Scent marking surfaces
Access to outside
Should always be large enough to accommodate 2 rabbits
Min enclosure size of 6ftx2ftx2ft, plus access to an outdoor run of 8ft
3 hops rule
The bigger the better
158
Q

Environment

A

Keep it clean (but preserve scent markings)

Clean toilet areas at least once a day

159
Q

What does dirty environment predispose to?

A

Flystrike/myiasis
Pododermatitis
Respiratory disease

160
Q

Relevant legislation

A

Animal welfare act 2006 (5 freedoms)
Codes of practice (Northern Ireland, Wales, Scotland, England)
England- rabbits protected under welfare of farmed animals regulations 2007 (amended 2010)

161
Q

Vaccinations

A

Myxomatosis

RHD (viral heamorrhagic disease- caused by calcivirus)

Diverse Species (4 decks)

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