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Diverse Species > Fish > Flashcards

Fish Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of fish

A

jawless
Cartilagenous
Ray-finned (largest group 90% fish)

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2
Q

Jawless Fish

A

Agnatha: Lampreys and hagfishes

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3
Q

Cartilaginous Fish

A

Chondrichthyes: Chimaeras, Sharks, Rays & Skates

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4
Q

Ray-finned Fish

A

Actinopterygii

Teleosts and allies

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5
Q

% of species marine and freshwater

A

58% Marine

42% Freshwater

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6
Q

Largest Fish

heaviest Fish

A

Largest- Whale Shark 12m+

Heaviest- Ocean Sunfish- 2000Kg

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7
Q

Environmental Requirements

A

Water Salinity - freshwater, brackish, marine
Temperature- polar (-2-2C), temperate (0-20C), tropical (20+*C)
Oxygen- requirements highly variable

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8
Q

Behaviour
Feeding
Water Quality

A

Territorial through to shoaling
Surface, substrate, predators, herbivores, planktivores
Key togood health e.g. pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate

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9
Q

Ornamental Fish Industry

A

1/10 households inUK have ornamental fish
estimated 20-25 million tanks,20 million ponds
~4000 different species kept as pets or in public aquaria
£3-4billion

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10
Q

Main Considerations for environment

A

Oxygen, temperature tolerance, salinity, pH requirements (acidic, basic), water hardness, space requirements

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11
Q

Main Behaviour Considerations

A

Shoaling/solitary

Agression

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12
Q

Main Health Considerations

A

Maintainance of water quality

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13
Q

Why need filtration

A

Fish release metabolic waste ammonia from the gills (75%) and their urine (25%)
Faeces and other solid wastes decay in the water
Releases ammonia and other waste
Ammonia is very toxic- less then 1ppm can be fatal

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14
Q

Filtration System

A

Removes solid and dissolved waste from the water

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15
Q

£ sequential sections of filtration system

A

Mechanical
Biological
Chemical

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16
Q

Mechanical Filtration

A

Filter matts
Sand filters
Swirl filters
Brushes

17
Q

Biological filtration purpose

A

To encourage the growth of beneficial autotrophic bacteria which will breakdown the toxic nitrogenous waste into a harmless formvia nitrification

18
Q

Process of biological filtration

A

Breakdown toxic ammonia to nitrite (used as energy source)
Ammonia oxidising bacteria- AOBs
(Nitrite varies in toxicity- freshwater fish can be highly toxic, less for marine fish)
Nitrite to less toxic nitrate
Nitrite oxidising bacteria- NOBs
A biofilter needs to be looked after but can last indefinitely

19
Q

Chemical Filtration

A

Purpose: to remove (adsorb) specific undesirable substances from the water- locked up
Carbon granules to remove colour from water (e.g. phenols give water a yellow colour)
Zeolite can remove ammonia and can be recharges (freshwater only)
Phosphate removing granules prevent algae growth

20
Q

3 approaches to fish management (from least intensive to most intensive)

A

Open
Semi-closed
Closed

21
Q

Open Systems

A

Caged environments in rivers, lake esturies,open sea
Lack intensive water quality management, rely on natural system to maintain WQ
Sea bass, salmon
Range from systems keeping low densities of fish (often with natural feeding) to very high density with active feeding
controversial due to potential for pollution and health risks to wild and captive fish

22
Q

Semi-closed Systems

A 
Flow-through or once through systems or raceways
Inland aquaculture
canals/basins, usually of concrete
inlet and outles, fast continous water flow
Freshwater: trout, catfish, tilapia
Brackish water: sea bass, sea bream
Allows higher densities of fish
Needs active feeding
Needs continuous water source
23
Q

Closed Systems

A 
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS)
Water re-conditioned and recirculated
Marine and freshwater
High fish densities
Minimal water and land use
Reduced wastewater volume
Highly controlled growth conditions
Needs very efficient bio-filtration
Expensive to set up and maintain
Needs highly trained staff
Higher greenhouse gas emissions than others
24
Q

Ornamental Set Up

A

Tank,cover, filter, food, enrichment, oxygenator, thermostat, timed lights

25
Q

Traditional Goldish Bowl

A

No filtartion
relies on water changes tomaintain WQ
Welfare issues
Widely banned on welfare grounds

26
Q

External features in cartilaginous Fish

A

Unpaired, median fins
2 sets of paired, lateral fins, pectoral fins and hydrofoils
Pelvic fins with claspers in males cartilaginous fish as intromittent organ for internal fertilisation
5 gill slits, separating 4 internal gill arches, no cover in cartilaginous fish
spiracle in some remnant of of ancestral anterior gill slit in some cartilaginous fish
lateral line organ as mechanoreceptors detecting minute water pressure changes on body surface

27
Q

Many of the anatomical and physiological differences between fish and tetrapods can be explained by their use of….

A

Water as respiratory medium

28
Q

Fish Gill

A

unidirectional flow
pressure pump
4 gill arches on each site
Arch with 2 rows of filaments
Filamentwith hundreds of lamellae on both sides
Large surface area
Highly efficient counter-current flow of water and blood
Thin lamellae with short diffusion distance for respiratory gases

29
Q

High gill ventilation rates allow….

A

Excretion of nitrogenous waste as NH3

30
Q

Urea less toxic but metabolically …… ………….. to produce

A

More Expensive

31
Q

Uric acid even more ……. and almost water …….

A

Expensive

Insoluble

32
Q

Major role of ….. in nitrogenous waste excretion

A

Gills

33
Q

Fish are generally ecotherms/endotherms

A

Ectotherms

34
Q

What is body temperature determined by?

A

Environmental Temperature

35
Q

Partial endothermy evolved several times independently - they use….

A

Counter current vascular heat exchangers

Venous blood leaving working muscles pre-warms incoming cold arterial blood from gills

Diverse Species (4 decks)

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