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Special Species > rabbits > Flashcards

rabbits Flashcards

1
Q

venipunctures sites

A

central ear artery

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2
Q

IM injections

A

22 or 23 g 1 inch needle
lumbar epaxial muscles, gluteals or lateral thighs
quadriceps or caudal thigh but avoid the sciatic
rotate sites
adequate restraint
0.5 mL in an adult rabbit

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3
Q

Urine collection

A

21 G butterfly catheter with 12-60 cc syringe

can usually palpate in dorsal recumbency in lap

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4
Q

GI anatomy

A

monogastric hindgut fermenting herbivores
non-ruminanat herbivores
large stomach and well developed cecum
cecotrophy is necessary to achieve efficient food conversion and protein absorption

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5
Q

why can’t rabbits vomit

A

well developed cardiac sphincter

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6
Q

primary microflora

A

gram + bacillus and bacteriodes

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7
Q

what is the main volatile fatty acid produced

A

acetic acid with cecal fermentation

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8
Q

Sacculus rotundus

A

cecal tonsil: distal end of ileum has spherical thick walled enlargement

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9
Q

cecum

A

40% of GI contents, 10 x capacity of stomach

thin-walled coiled ends in blind - ended tube, vermiform appendix

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10
Q

vermiform appendix

A

secretes bicarb to buffer cecal acids and water to form cecal paste

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11
Q

normal flora

A

bacillus, bacteriodes

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12
Q

colon

A

separated by taenia and hausfrau

warzen: warts that increase surface are

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13
Q

fusus coli

A

third section of colon that has prominent longitudinal folds and goblet cells

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14
Q

Diet

A

High fiber,

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15
Q

cecotrophs

A

formed in proximal colon and cecum
contain microorganisms, amino acids, VFA’s and bits
gelatinous coating protects from stomach acids so protein and vitamin absorption can occur in small intestine
bacteria produce amylase that convert glucose to carbon dioxide and lactic acid

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16
Q

Low fiber diets

A

increase cecal retention time: hypo motility of entire gut and reduces cecotrophs

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17
Q

high protein diet

A

decrease cecotroph consumption

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18
Q

high carb diets

A

excessive clostridium and ecoli adn excessive VFA fermentation
causes gas and toxins that disrupt motility and nutrient production and absorption

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19
Q

gut stasis

A

inappetance or anorexia and normal or reduced water intake
fecal output slows and eventually stops
rectal temp will drop in endotoxic rabbits (<99)
rads: contrast series, iodinated contrast better than barium
initial tx: motility enhancers if no impaction, probiotics, vit B for appetite stimulation, oxbow critical care if not eating, simethicone for gas, antibiotics if diarrhea

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20
Q

True diarrhea

A 
always an emergency
avoid mycins (macrolide)
avoid beta-lactams (cefas)
injectable penicillin (NO ORAL)
balanced microbial spectrum
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21
Q

uneaten cecals

A

normal hard stools are being produced
smelly and stick to perineum
obesity, pain/arthritis, high protein or low fiber diet, neuro disease, dental decease are predisposing factors
Tx: clip and clean, diaper rash, ointment, correct diet weightless, NSAIDS

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22
Q

congenital incisor malocclusion

A

most common

can be a result of cheek teeth

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23
Q

dental abscesses

A 
dx:  palpation, oral exam, rads
thick caseous pus
require aggressive surgical debridement
ancillary tx:  packing/ antibiotic beads, remember anaerobes
long term therapy
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24
Q

Pasteurella: snuffles

A

most common, usually in adults
responsive to chloramphenicol, novabiocin, oxytetracycline, penicillin G, fluroquinolones, TMS
transmission is direct contact, airborne spread, fomites, venereal if genital infection

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25
Q

Pasteurella: snuffles Clinical signs

A

URD: rhinitis, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, dacryocystitis
otitis, pleuropneumonia, bacteremia, abscesses of skin, organs, bones, joints, genitalia
serious nasal discharge
forepaws matted and yellow-gray
tearing, scalding of face, alopecia, pyoderma
torticolus, nystagums, ataxia, scratching ears if inner ear affected
anorexia, weight loss, depression, dyspneaupon exertion

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26
Q

Dx: snuffles

A

deep nasal culture

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27
Q

Tx: snuffles

A

long term antibiotics, correct environment, anti-histamines, flush, nasolacrimal ducts, treat eyes

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28
Q

bordatella bronchiseptica

A

co pathogen with pasteurella
non- pathogenic inhabitant of rabbit respiratory tract
adheres to ciliate dmucosa and induces ciliostasis, reduced macroophage adherence and phagocytosis

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29
Q

staphylococcis aureus and albus

A

increase inflammation of already compromised mucosa
toxins lethal for neutrophils and protein A that binds to IgG
fibrinous penumonia, otitis media, abscesses in lungs/ heart
Tx: fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol

30
Q

moraxella catarrhalis

A

opportunistic or normal flora

rhinitis or conjunctivitis

31
Q

mycobacterium

A

pneumonia in rabbits

32
Q

pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

abscesses similar to pasteurella and septicemia

33
Q

franciella paratuberculosis and franciella tularensis

A

pseudotuberculosis and tuleremia

bacteremia, multiorgan fibronopurulent dz, pneumonia, zoonotic

34
Q

chlmydophilis

A

lungs

35
Q

adenocarcinomas of nasal turbiniates

A

cavitation of turbinates and progresses rapidly

36
Q

copus urine production

A

due to less able to concentrate

37
Q

Thymomas

A 
young/ old rabbits
tachypnea and moderate dyspnea
cyanosis on exertion, respiratory rales
bilateral exophthalmos due to interference of vascuar return to the heart
surgery or chemo
38
Q

pH of urine

A

7.6-8.8 with traces of protein and glucose and lots of triple phosphate and calcium carbonate crystals
cream color due to calcium excretion
red/ yellow due to plant pigments (porphyrins)

39
Q

what pigments cause yellow to brown to brithg red color of urine

A

beta-carotene in diet

40
Q

what gives urine a cloudy appearance

A

excretion of calcium through the kidneys

41
Q

what is unique about their uterus

A

duplex uterus with 2 cervices and convoluted long oviducts
uterus and ovarian pedicle are more friable than in cat/ dog
early spay recommended

42
Q

uterine adenocarcinoma

A

30-80% of intact rabbits over 3
most common cancer in rabbits
prevention: OHE prior to 6 months
Tx: OHE, it is slowly metastasizing so may cure

43
Q

most common area of mets from uterine adenocarcinoma

A

lungs

44
Q

urinary tract sludge

A 
associated with severe crystalluria
often in sedentary rabbits
accumulation of thick sludge in bladder
painful, dysuria
change in urinary habits
45
Q

urinary tract calculi

A

large amounts of ca carbonate (sludge)
calciuria with anorexia, dysuria, stranguria, hunched posture, perineal staining with ca carbonate precipitate, reluctance to move
Dx: rads/ us
tx: sq fluid diuresis, flush bladder until urine is clear or cystotomy with culture and stone analysis
increase fluid consumption to prevent, decrease dietary Ca (avoid alfalfa hay)

46
Q

tx of caliuria

A

resolves with medical tx

47
Q

tx of uroliths

A

surgical

48
Q

Rabbit spirochetosis “syphilis”

A

vent disease
treponema cuniculi, venereal transmission from mom to kid
young rabbits by scabs on nose and vent
dx: biopsy, PCR, response to tx
tx: long acting penicillin: procaine + benzathine, pen G or combo pen
give 2 SQ doses 4 days apart

49
Q

pregnancy toxemia

A

CS: weakness, depression, incoordination, obese, acetone odor to breath, housed with male, splay -leg, anorexia
Dx: hx, UA shows ketonuria, proteinuria, acid pH
DDX: metabolic and dystocia
Tx: IV or IO fluids, injectable antibiotics, assisted feedings, C-sec
don’t allow breeding to become obese and watch for anorexia

50
Q

rabbit neuter

A

cranial end of scrotum and through fibrous tunic
exteriorize testes, epididymus, and ductus deferens, double ligate and remove
close inguinal ring and do intradermal closure with skin glue

51
Q

trichophyton and microsporum canis

A

head, shoulders, legs
Dx: skin scrape, fungal culture
tx: lime sulfur, iodine, griseofulvin

52
Q

Cuterebra larvae

A

breathing hole and often hair is matted around it

tx: surgical removal, do not crush larva cause can lead to anaphylaxis

53
Q

Myiasis

A

obesity, dermatitis, unsanitary conditions are pre disposals
wound debridement and maggot removal
ivermectin to kill maggots, antibiotics, analgesics are necessary

54
Q

ctenocephalides: fleas

A

found along dorsum and pelvis between shoulders
tx: advantage, leufenuron
NO FRONT LINE causes liver impairment

55
Q

cheyletiella: walking dandruff

A

mild pruritis, large flakes on limbs and neck, alopecia, oily dermatitis
Dx: skin scrape, scotch tape test
Tx: ivermectin, lime sulfur
ZOONOTIC

56
Q

psoroptes cuiculi

A

otitis externa, crusty exudate, discharge, pruritis, head shaking, scratching
dx: pE, microscopic, otoscopic
direct transmission
tx: ivermectin, selemectin, anti-inflmatories

57
Q

sarcoptes scabiei

A

crusty, pruritic dermatitis of the face, nose, lips, external genitalia
Dx: deep skin scrape
Tx: ivermectin, lyme sulfur
ZOONOTIC

58
Q

pododermatitis

A

sore hocks
avascular necrosis of plantar surface of rear feet
obesity, lack of exercise, housing (wire, metal grate, concrete, carpet), breed (rex)
tx: relieve pressure on affected area, non-abrasive, dry surface such as rubber, towels, newspaper, antibiotics, analgesics

59
Q

abscesses

A

common and frustrating
thick caseous material
anywhere and systemic antibiotics alone are not typical
honey can be anti-bacterial and encourage grooming for self-debridement
culture and sensitivity

60
Q

ehlers-danlos syndrome

A

collagen synthesis disorder

61
Q

otitis media/ interna

A

pasteurella
rads
enrofloxacin systemic and topical (baytril/ gentamycin) or chloramphenicol
flush ears with saline under ax

62
Q

encephalitazoonosis

A 
E. cuniculi
stressed immune compromised animals
spores shed in urine of infected rodents or rabbits are ingested/ inhaled
acute stage:  liver lung kidney
chronic:  brain, kidney, heart
uveitis, abortion, neonatal deaths
asymptomatic is common
63
Q

encephalitazoonsis Dx and Tx

A

Dx: neuro plus increased serum Ab titres, spores in affected tissues
multifocal necrosis and granulomas
tx: oxbendazole, dexamethazone, chloramphenicol

64
Q

cerebral larval migrans

A 
baylisacaris procyonis or columnaris
from raccoon feces
fecal/ oral trans
larva migrate to CNS causing encephalomalacia
head tilt, ataxia, vertical nystagmus
Tx:  oxibendazole, often euthanasia
restrict access to raccoons or skunks
65
Q

Most common trauma

A

lumbar/ sacral fracture

tx: cage rest, prednisone, bladder expression, NSAIDS, spinal surgery

66
Q

splay leg

A

young rabbits and inheritable
inability to adduct one or more limbs, difficulty in ambulation
tx: amputation if only 1 limb affected or euthanasia

67
Q

rabbit thymoma

A

tachypnea, dyspnea, bilateral exophthalmos

tx: thymectomy

68
Q

Tuleremia

A 
francisella
highly virulent for humans 
arthropod vectors
fever, lethargy, anorexia, septicemia, death
REPORTABLE
69
Q

milky way appearance

A

white necrotic foci in liver affected by tuleremia

70
Q

myxomatosis

A

myxoma from pox family
arthropods
lethargy, fever, anorexia, skin hemorrhages
benign tumor at site of entry: ear base
Dx: CS, his to of infected tissue and viral isolation
REPORTABLE in some states

Special Species (5 decks)

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