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Special Species > Ferrets > Flashcards

Ferrets Flashcards

1
Q

blood volume of ferret

A

50-60 mL/ kg

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2
Q

how much blood can you withdraw from ferret

A

<10 % blood volume: 5-6 mL/ kg

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3
Q

What gauge needle do you use in ferrets

A

25 or 22

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4
Q

what vein is most common

A

jugular: more lateral than in dogs/ cats

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5
Q

Cranial vena cava

A

dorsal restraint with forelegs pulled caudally and head/ neck extended
25 gu into thoracic between 1st rib and manubrium at 45 degree angle
direct needle toward opposite rear leg or most caudal rib and insert almost all the way to hub

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6
Q

venipuncture for small volumes (1mL)

A

lateral saphenou, cephalic vein, lateral tail vein, tail artery

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7
Q

get blood from tail artery

A

heat will promote vasodilation
dorsal restraint
topical lidocaine or prilocaine
ventral side of tail, groove along midline, artery 203 mm deep to skin

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8
Q

IV catheters

A

lateral saphenous, cephalic, jugular, tail vein

22-24 guage catheter

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9
Q

intraosseous catheters

A

lung small ferrets/ poor BP
proximal femur
anesthetize
20-22 gauge with 1.5 in spinal needle

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10
Q

robust erythron

A

higher Hct, Hgb and total RBC than dog/ cat

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11
Q

normal HCT:

A

46-61%

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12
Q

normal reticulocyte count

A

<10%

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13
Q

lymphocyte ratio range

A

1.7:1 to 0.7:1

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14
Q

urinalysis

A

low grade proteinuria

pH varies with diet

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15
Q

when would you administer a blood transfusion

A

PCV <25 %

thrombocytobepnic, ecchymosis, petechiation, bleeding

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16
Q

do ferrets have blood groups

A

no so there is little risk of transfusion raeaction

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17
Q

How much/ how long would you transfuse?

A

6-10 mL over 1-2 hrs

can do intraosseous or IV

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18
Q

Oxyglobin

A

can give 3 mL/ kg/ hr for 12- 15 mL / kg

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19
Q

GI system

A

carnivore GI with simple stomach

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20
Q

GI transit time

A

Short: 148-219 min

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21
Q

model for what human disease

A

gastric/ duodenal ulcers, gastro-esophageal reflux, gastric carcinoma and lymphoma, helicobacer mustelae, model to test anti-emetics

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22
Q

intestines

A

jejunoileum: no differentiation between jejunum and ileum, ends at ascending colon
no cecum
cervical vegas stimulation will affect intestinal motility

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23
Q

dental dz

A

similar to cats
middle/ older ferrets
tarter, gingivitis, periodontal dz
broken canines

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24
Q

Gastric ulceration

A

variable etiologes, actue FB, toxins
renal
helicobacter

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25
Q

Helicobacter gastritis

A

endemic in most commercially-produced ferrets
asymptomatic carriers
stress/ dz may factor
clinical signs: bruxism, ptyalism, anorexia, chronic weight loss, melena, blood tinged vomiting

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26
Q

Helicobacter gastritis Dx

A

fecal occult blood, regenerative anemia
difficult to culture and is endemic
pyloric or duodenal mucosal biopsy
warthin-starry stain

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27
Q

helicobacter gastritis Tx

A

antibiotics, proton pump inhibitor, mucosal protectancts, H2 receptor agonists
metronidazole and amoxicillin OR clarithromycin
sucralfate
bismuth subsalicilate
famotidine or ranitidine

28
Q

epizootic catarrhal enteritis

A

corona virus

29
Q

proliferative bowel disease

A

campylobacter or lawsonia intracellularis

30
Q

Inflammatory bowel dz

A

lymphoblastic, multiple causes, food allergies (grain,), prednisone (use cautiously in ferrets), azothiaprine and metronidazole (both immunosuppressive)

31
Q

Viral diarrhea: Epizootic Catarrhal Enteritis

A

profuse, mucoid, green slime diarrhea, older ferrets susceptible, younger are carriers
lethargy, dehydration, anorexia
mortality low with tx- mainly focussing on hydration
antibiotics for secondary infection

32
Q

Respiratory anatomy in ferrets

A

cone shaped thoracic cavity with 14 ribs and 9 sternebrae
lungs go from 1-10th ICS
left lung: cranial and caudal lobes
Right lung: cranial, middle, caudal, accessory

33
Q

influenza

A

only species susceptible to human flu
Clinical signs: photophobia, catarrhal nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, pyrexia, anorexia, malaise, swallowing efforts
Tx: supportive antihistamines, cough suppressants, prophylactic antibiotics

34
Q

bordatella bronchiseptica and pasteurella multocida

A

bordatella responds poorly to antibiotics, bronchicine killed vaccine
Tx: TMS, chloramphnicold

35
Q

Canine Distemper

A

fatal
dz progression: 12-42 days
transmission: direct contact, fomites, aerosolization of urine, feces, nasal exudate
immunosuppressive: can survive respiratory phase and then succumb to neurologic stage within weeks
must vaccinate!!! 6, 10, 14 weeks old and annually

36
Q

Canine distempor clinical signs

A

anorexia, pyrexia, chin dermatitis, phhotophobia, nasal/ ocular discharge, brown crusts on face
bronchopnemonia, hyperkeratosis of planum nasal and foot pads, CNS signs

37
Q

Canine distemper histopath

A

eosinophilic viral inclusion bodies found in bladder, renal pelvis, biliary epithelium
non-suppurative encephalitis with demyelination

38
Q

heart worm

A

dyspnea, cough, pale mm, lethargy, anorexia
muffled heart sounds or low grade murmur, enlarged heart, pulmonary congestions, pleural effusion, ascites
Dx: echo, snap IDEXX test or dirocheck (false negatives)
Tx: thiacetarcemide or ivermectin with steroids
prevention: heartguard, revolution for cats

39
Q

why are snap tests not good for heart worm

A

snap tests are for female antigens and due to small amounts in ferrets and cats can sometimes be one sex so hard to test

40
Q

what should always be a differential for nasal discharge

A

dental disease
tooth root abscesses
do dental/ skull rads

41
Q

paroxysmal sneezing

A

dust spider webs, inhale particulate matter

42
Q

urinary tract obstruction/ urolithiasis tx

A

urinary catheter, fluids, surgery, perineal urethrotomy
diet change (not cat food), antimicrobiall therapy
EMERGENCY

43
Q

what is urethral blockage a common sequelae for

A

adrenal dz

44
Q

hyperestrogenism

A

tx: HCG injections
ferrets are seasonally polyesters and induced ovulates
if intact their season is march-sept.
females can develop estrogen toxicity and bone marrow suppression if not bred

45
Q

prostatic dz

A

often secondary to adrenal dz and can lead to urethral obstruction
tx: tx adrenal dz, antibiotics, drainage of infected fluid, surgical de-bulking when needed

46
Q

Cutaneous Neoplasia

A

mast cell and basal cell tumors: only in skin
do not typically metastasize
can be itchy, bleed, appear ulcerated
prognosis good
fibrosarcoma, sebaceous gland adenoma do metastasize

47
Q

Dermatophytosis

A

microsporum canis and trichophyton metagrophytes
direct contact transmission
self limiting lesions
secondary pyoderma
Tx: iodine or chlorhexidine, griseofulvin, disinfect environment

48
Q

Sarcoptes scabiei

A

generalized on face, pinna and venture
localized on paws, nails and toes
Dx: skin scrape
Tx: ivermectin or lyme sulfur dips

49
Q

Otitis media/ interna

A

pasteurella multocida
Dx: rads
Tx: enrofloxacin systemic and topical (baytril or gentamycin) or chloramphenicol
flush ears with saline (anesthesia)

50
Q

Neurologic distemper

A

end stage progresses to naso-ocular exudate, hyperkeratosis of foot pads, then neurotropic phase, excess salivation, muslce tremors, convulsions, coma
grave prognosis
vaccinate!

51
Q

Rabies

A

ascending paralysis, ataxia, cachexia, fever, hyperactivity, bladder atony, tremors, paresthesia
prevention: modified live vaccine

52
Q

Adrenal gland dz

A

adenoma, adenocarcinoma, adrenocarcinoma
hyper secretion of sex hormones, DHEA, estradiol, progesterones
most develop

53
Q

what testing can you do for adrenal dz

A

can’t use ACTH stim or dexamethasone suppression
urinary cortisol:creatinine is not a specific indicator
serum concentrations of steroid hormones are most reliable for diagnosing adrenal dz: done in Ten

54
Q

clinical signs of adrenal dz

A

symmetric alopecia, pruritis, erythema, sexual behaviors, vulvar enlargement, bone marrow toxicity (hyperestrongenism in females), urinary obstruction (males)

55
Q

why is right adrenalectomy harder than left

A

near vena cava and caudate lobe of liver

56
Q

Medical tx of adrenal dz

A

leuprolide acetate monthly depot infections

GnRH agonist, stimulates LH/ FSH

57
Q

Surgical tx for adrenal dz

A

surgical adrenalectomy
surgery and leupron
recurrence likely on other gland
controllable/ not curable

58
Q

insulinoma

A

beta cell tumor of pancreas that causes hyper secretion of insulin
clinical signs: decreased activity, weightless, difficult arousal from sleep, hypothermia, ptyalism, mental dullness, tremors, collapse
Dx: blood glucose <70 mg/ dL

59
Q

Insulinoma Tx

A

prednisone: blocks peripheral uptake of glucose and increasing hepatic gluconeogenesis
surgical: nodulectomy or partial pancreatectomy

60
Q

lymphoma

A

young
acute onset
rapidly progressive
multi-centric distribution involving hematopoietic and lymphatic tissues, lung, kidney
older ferrets become chronic and have better survival

61
Q

Lymphoma Clinical signs

A

anorexia, weight-loss, lethargy
mediastinal lymphoma-dyspnea, coughing, regurgitation
GI or abdominal: emesis, diarrhea, tenesmus, splenomegaly
Dx: biopsy
Tx: surgery, chemo, steroids

62
Q

Chordomas

A

originate from original notochord
round smooth mass on tail tip
slow growing but can metastasize
tx: surgical removal, tail amputation

63
Q

Aleutian Dz

A

aerosolization of virus particles or contact with urine, feces, saliva, blood
immune mediated disorder characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia
clinical signs: chronic weight loss, cachexia, malaise, melena, posterior paresis
dx: clinical signs, hypergamaglobulinemia on electrophoresis
tx: none

64
Q

Cardiac Dz

A

cyanosis, tachypnea, increased CRT, jugular dissension or pulses, abnormal femoral pulses, tachycardia, muffled heart sounds, left/ right sided murmurs, gallop rhythm, pulmonary crackles, ascites
Rads: globoid heart, pleural effusion, pulmonary venous congestion, diffuse interstitial pattern, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites

65
Q

DCM

A

most common
tx: alter heart rate, preload, after load and contractility
digoxin, nitroglycerine, ACE inhibitors (enalapril)

66
Q

HCM

A

improving diastolic fcn

beta adrenergic blockers (propranolol), calcium channel blockers (diltiazem)

67
Q

splenomegaly

A

incidental
primary: lymphoma, neoplasia, ADV
Secondary: insulinoma, adrenal dz, cardiac dz, dental dz

Special Species (5 decks)

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