Raab- Exam 2 - Fall 2023 Flashcards
one gene influences multiple characteristics ex) sickle cell anemia
Pleiotropy
both parents must pass on the allele for disorder
autosomal recessive disorder
only one parents needs to have the disease to pass it on
autosomal dominant disorder
An allele that is always expressed
Dominant
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
Recessive
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a particular gene
Heterozygous
having two different alleles for a trait
genotype
genetic makeup of an organism, allele combination ex) HhEE
incomplete dominance
neither allele is completely dominant ex) pink snapdragons
phenotype
physical characteristics of an organism ex) brown hair, brown eyes
Enzymes in DNA replication
helicase, topoisomerase, DNA polymerase, ligase, primase
codominance
both phenotypes are fully expressed ex) type AB blood
replication characteristics
bidirectional, semi-conservative
mitosis
full 46 diploid chromosomes are replicated (somatic cells)
meiosis
23 haploid chromosomes are replicated (sex cells)
Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic mRNA similarities
5’ to 3’ direction
same bases
RNA polymerase
Eukaryotic mRNA only characteristics
5’ cap and 3’ tail
introns and exons (splice in nucleus),
pre-mRNA
one gene w/ many proteins
Prokaryotic mRNA only characteristics
no alternative splicing, can’t shuffle order, one gene w/ one protein
How many base pairs do prokaryotic cells make per second?
1000
How many base pairs do eukaryotic cells make per second?
50
DNA only characteristics
double stranded,
DNA polymerase,
Thymine,
deoxyribose sugar,
store genetic information,
permanent
RNA only characteristics
single stranded
, RNA polymerase,
Uracil,
ribose sugar,
uses genetic information,
transient
Transcription
DNA to RNA,
RNA polymerase,
DNA template,
occurs in nucleus
Steps of Transcription
initiation, elongation, termination
mRNA function
code for proteins
tRNA
serve as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis
rRNA function
form core of ribosome’s structure and catalyze protein synthesis
How many bonds hold together C-G
3 hydrogen bonds
How many bonds hold together A-T
2 hydrogen bonds
Cytosine pairs with
Guanine
Adenine pairs with
Thymine
Purines (2 rings)
Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines
Cytosine and Thymine
Where does DNA replication occur?
Nucleus (eukaryotic) or Cytoplasm (prokaryotic)
Silent Mutation
no effect
Missense Mutation
changes an amino acid
Nonsense Mutation
Nonsense Mutation
action
inserts a stop codon
Frameshift Mutation
insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs
Spontaneous mutation
naturally occurring mutations in cells
Induced mutation
mutation caused by external agents ex) UV radiation, Xrays, etc
Introns
A noncoding sequence in a eukaryotic RNA, removed
Exons
Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA, spliced together to form mRNA
homologous chromosomes
pair of alike chromosomes
Centromere
Region of chromosome where sister chromatids attach
Telomere
a compound structure at end of chromosome
Gene Locus
Location of a gene on a chromosome
Karyotype
the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes
alleles
gene pair at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes
3q26 what part is the chromosome?
3 (start)
what part is the arm? (3q26)
q (middle)
what part is the region? (3q26)
26 (end)
All genes transcribed?
yes
All genes are transcribed equally.
No because it’s not exactly the same proteins
Triplet repeat disorder
down syndrome extra chromosome 21st chromosome
name an Autosomal dominant disorder
Huntington’s disease
Autosomal recessive disorder
cystic fibrosis
Prokaryotic
One gene one protein no splicing
No cap or tail
Transfer and translation at the same time eukaryotes cant
Eukaryote
3 prime cap 2 prime tail
Anytime dealing with introns or exons
Multiple genes
Splicing in nucleus
A’s opposite is
T
G’s oposite is
C
C’s oposite is
G
T’s opposite is
A
to transcribe you change the T’s to
U
