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Microbiology > RA3: Intro to Clinical Parasitology > Flashcards

RA3: Intro to Clinical Parasitology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Endoparasite

A

Live within body of host, mostly protozoa and helminths

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1
Q

Ectoparasite

A

Live on the surface of their host, usually arthropods (ex. ticks and mites)

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2
Q

Obligate vs. facultative

A

Obligate must spend at least part of their life cycle in association with host, while facultative are capable of leading both free or parasitic existence

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3
Q

Vector

A

Insect that transmits infectious agent from one host to the next

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4
Q

Protozoa

A

Unicellular eukaryotic microbe

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5
Q

Helminths

A

Worms that can vary in length and are covered in cuticle

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6
Q

Nematode

A

Roundworm

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7
Q

Cestode

A

Tapeworm

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8
Q

Trematode

A

Fluke (complex flatworms)

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9
Q

Definitive host

A

Host in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity

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10
Q

Intermediate host

A

Host that harbors larval or asexual stages of parasite

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11
Q

Reservoir host

A

Definitive host (animal) that serves to maintain parasite’s life cycle in environment

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12
Q

Cysts

A

Environmentally resistant, facilitate transmission to hosts (normally protozoa)

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13
Q

Trophozoite

A

Metabolically active, motile, feeding stage of parasitic protist

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14
Q

4 classes of protozoa

A
  1. Amoeba (pseuodopodia)
  2. Flagellates (flagella)
  3. Sporozia (gliding)
  4. Ciliates (cilia)
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15
Q

Schizogony

A

Asexual reproduction process of sporozoans and amoebas

16
Q

Sporogony

A

Sexual form of reproduction that entails multiple nuclear divisions followed by cytokinesis after zygote formation

17
Q

3 factors in transmission of parasitic diseases

A
  1. Source of infection
  2. Mode of transmission
  3. Presence of susceptible host
18
Q

Ingestion

A

Oral transmission due to consumption of food/water contaminated with parasite eggs or cyst; fecal contamination implicated in transmission of parasitic diseases

19
Q

Penetration/inoculation

A

Larval forms of some helminths found in soil or water can penetrate skin of host

20
Q

Direct transmission

A

Trichomonas vaginalis, causative agent of common STD, is transmitted through sexual contact

21
Q

Congenital transmission

A

Transmission from mother to infant (toxoplasmosis, malaria)

22
Q

Transfusion and transplantation

A

Potentially any blood or tissue dwelling parasite, seen in malaria and trypanosomes

23
Q

Mechanical damage by parasites

A

Caused by presence or movement of parasite (lots of worms)

24
Q

Damage caused by parasite products

A

Helminths and intestinal protozoa produce products aiding in establishment and persistence of infections

25
Q

Immunopathology

A

Response of host to parasitic infection; ex. granulomas can disrupt blood flow

26
Q

Immune responses to protozoal infection

A
  1. Neutralizing antibody
  2. Antibody + complement
  3. Antibody/complement opsinization
  4. Activated macrophages
  5. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
27
Q

What problems do helminthic infections pose?

A
  • -Too big for phagocytosis
  • -Often covered with protective cuticle or sheath to protect against complement-mediated lysis
  • -Eosinophilia is hallmark of these
28
Q

Size in evasion of immune defense

A

Helminths unlikely to be phagocytosed or destroyed by macrophages or neutrophils due to large size

29
Q

Anatomical location in evasion of immune defense

A

Residing in lumen makes difficult to reach them

30
Q

Intercellular sequestration in evasion of immune defense

A

Residing for a period of time sequesters from destruction by humoral defenses

31
Q

Formation of cyst in evasion of immune defense

A

Provide impenetrable barriers to immune system

32
Q

Avoidance of phagolysosomal destruction in evasion of immune defense

A

Some parasites can survive and replicate in inhospitable environment of lysosomes

33
Q

Antigenic variation in evasion of immune defense

A

Different forms of malaria have different antigens, African trypanosomes have new waves every so often that has different antigens

34
Q

Antigenic masking in evasion of immune defense

A

Larval and adult forms of helminths will cost in proteins or lipids to mask antigens from immune system

35
Q

Immunosuppression in evasion of immune defense

A

Infected individual can become susceptible to secondary infections

36
Q

Anti-protozoal drugs

A

Target rapidly proliferating metabolically active cells

37
Q

Anti-helminths

A

Targeted at non-proliferating adult helminths

Microbiology (20 decks)

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