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Microbiology Exam 1 > RA#1 > Flashcards

RA#1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are common areas of the body to be colonized?

A

1) skin
2) mucous membrane
3) GI tract

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2
Q

What are some hospital acquired infections (HAI)?

A

1) surgical wounds
2) respiratory tract
3) urinary tract
4) bacteremia (primary and secondary)
5) gastroenteritis
6) hepatitis outbreaks

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3
Q

Which method of infection prevention is this?
total destruction or physical removal of ALL microorganisms including the more resistant forms like spores, mycobacteria, nonenveloped virsues and fungi

A

Sterilization

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4
Q

What are the 4 types of sterilization?

A

1) Moist heat
2) Dry heat
3) Ethylene oxide gas
4) irradiation

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5
Q

What’s an example of moist heat?

A

autoclave

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6
Q

What temperature and how long should an autoclave be operated to achieve sterilization?

A

121-132 degrees for >15 min

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7
Q

Which method of sterilization is the most dependable?

A

moist heat

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8
Q

How do moist heat get rid of microbes?

A

denaturing proteins, causing ssDNA breaks and compromise membrane integrity

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9
Q

Is boiling a sterilization technique?

A

NO, it’s a disinfection method!

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10
Q

What’s an example of dry heat sterilization?

A

oven

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11
Q

What are the recommended times and temperature to run oven for sterilization?

A

1 hour at 170 degrees
2 hours at 160 degrees
3 hours at 150 degrees

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12
Q

Does dry heat kill spores?

A

yes

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13
Q

How does dry heat kill microbes?

A

irreversibly denaturing proteins, causing ssDNA break and compromise membrane integrity

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14
Q

What is important about the use of eythlene oxide gas?

A

materials must be aerated for absorbed toxic or mutagen by-products

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15
Q

How does ethylene oxide gas work in killing microbes?

A

alkylating protein, DNA and RNA –> prevents normal cellular metabolism and replication

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16
Q

What are the two methods for irradiation?

A

1) UV

2) ionizing radiation (gamma rays)

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17
Q

Which method of sterilization is used for single-use plastic items such as syringes and catheters?

A

ionizing radiation

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18
Q

Which method of sterilization is used for hospital ORs and lab safety cabinets?

A

UV

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19
Q

Which method of sterilization is used for heat and moisture-sensitive devices?

A

ethylene oxide gas

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20
Q

Which method of infection prevention is this?

removing or killing most, but not all, viable microorganisms

A

disinfection

21
Q

What kind of microbes can survive disinfection?

A

more resilient ones like mycobacteria, viruses, fungi and bacterial spores

22
Q

Which level of disinfection can approach sterilization in effectiveness?

A

high-level disinfection

23
Q

What is used in high-level disinfection?

A

1) glutaraldehyde

2) oxidizing agents: peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and chlorine compounds

24
Q

Which type of equipment is high-level infection for?

A

all devices that cannot be sterilized: endoscopes and plastic surgical instruments used in invasiveprocedures that come into contact with tissues or blood

25
Q

What kind of microbes can intermediate-level disinfection kill?

A

mycobacteria, bacteria, most viruses, most fungi, but not very effective against spores

26
Q

What are examples of intermediate-level disinfection?

A

1) alcohols
2) iodine-containing compounds
3) phenolic compounds

27
Q

What type of equipment is intermediate-level disinfection used for?

A

semi-critical instruments: laryngoscopes, endoscopes, vaginal specula, anesthesia breathing circuits, etc.

28
Q

What kind of microbes can low-level disinfection kill?

A

most vegetative bacteria, some fungi and some viruses

29
Q

What’s an example of low-level disinfection?

A

quaternary ammonium compounds

30
Q

What type of equipment is low-level disinfection used for?

A

non-critical instruments such as stethoscopes, blood pressure cuffs, and EKG electrodes

31
Q

What type of infection prevention method is this?

disinfectants used to lower the number of microorganisms on skin surfaces

A

antisepsis

32
Q

What are examples of antisepsis?

A

1) alcohol
2) phenolic compounds
3) iodine-containing compounds
4) chlorhexidine
5) quaternary ammonium compounds
6) Triclosan

33
Q

What is antisepsis effective against?

A

vegetative bacteria

34
Q

Which of the antisepsis technique is the most effective on skin?

A

iodine-containing compounds

35
Q

What are the two kinds of iodine-containing compounds?

A

1) tincture of iodine

2) iodophors

36
Q

Which of the two kinds of iodine-containing compounds can irritate skin and should be removed with alcohol?

A

tincture of iodine (2% iodine and KI in EtOH)

37
Q

How does iodophors work in killing microbes?

A

penetrate cell wall and cause disruption of proteins and nucleic acid structure and synthesis

38
Q

Which antiseptic has broad antimicrobial activity but a slower rate of killing than alcohols?

A

chlorhexidine

39
Q

How does chlorhexidine kill microbes?

A

membrane disruption but not spores

40
Q

What is chlorhexidine generally used for?

A

skin cleansing, surgical scrub and pre-op skin prep

41
Q

True or False. Chlorhexidine may be better at preventing bloodstream infections in patient with central line than iodine compounds.

A

True

42
Q

What’s an example of quaternary ammonium compounds?

A

Benzalkonium chloride

43
Q

How do quaternary ammonium compounds kill microbes?

A

attach energy-producing enzymes, denature cell proteins and disrupt cell membranes

44
Q

Which organism are quaternary ammonium compounds not effective against?

A

Pseudomonas, viruses, spore and mycobacteria

45
Q

What antiseptic compound is in hand soaps and some tooth paste products?

A

Triclosan

46
Q

What organisms is Triclosan effective against?

A

bacteria including some mycobacteria. Do not work on spores

47
Q

How does Triclosan work?

A

inhibit bacterial lipid synthesis and may disrupt cell membrane at higher concentrations

48
Q

Which infection prevention method is this?

process of heating liquids to a specific temp for a period of time

A

Pasteurization

49
Q

What does pasteurization kill?

A

viruses, bacteria, protozoa, molds and yeasts, but NOT spores

Microbiology Exam 1 (10 decks)

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