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Microbiology Exam 1 > Intro to Clinical Mycology > Flashcards

Intro to Clinical Mycology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are three ways fungi can affect humans?

A

1) allergens
2) toxin producers (mycotoxins)
3) infectious agents (colonization)

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2
Q

What are saprophytes?

A

fungi that live on dead or decaying matter

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3
Q

Can fungi live symbiotically with humans (beneficial for both)?

A

yes

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4
Q

Is colonization required for allergens to infect humans?

A

no

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5
Q

What are peanuts constantly tested for?

A

aflatoxin that is toxic to humans

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6
Q

What are two important differences between fungal and human cells?

A

1) cell wall

2) membrane sterol composition

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7
Q

What sterol composition do fungal cell membrane have?

A

ergosterol

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8
Q

Why is it important to target fungal cell walls?

A

human cells do not have cell walls

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9
Q

What’s the function of fungal cell wall (4)?

A

1) shape
2) rigidity
3) strength
4) protection from osmotic shock

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10
Q

About 90% of a fungal cell mass is…

A

cell wall

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11
Q

What are the two fungal structures and classification?

A

1) yeast

2) mold

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12
Q

Is yeast unicellular or multicellular?

A

unicellular

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13
Q

Some fungi can grow as both yeast and molds, what is this called?

A

dimorphic

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14
Q

By what process do yeast reproduce in?

A

budding

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15
Q

What shape do yeast have?

A

spherical or ellipsoid shape

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16
Q

Fungal cell wall is primarily composed of all of the following polysaccharides except:

1) chitin
2) cellulose
3) chitosan
4) mannan
5) galactomannan

A

galactomannan

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17
Q

Molds grow through the development of ____

A

hyphae

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18
Q

What shapes do hyphae have?/

A

tube or ribbon shaped

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19
Q

Hyphae of most fungi have cross-walls which divide into segments called ____

A

septa

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20
Q

Under proper conditions some yeast form structures known as ____

A

pseudohyphae

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21
Q

Candida albicans (yeast) produces a structure known as a ____

A

germ tube

22
Q

A mass of intertwined hyphae is called ____

A

mycelium

23
Q

How do molds reproduce?

A

sexually or asexually

24
Q

What type of mold reproduction produces conidia?

A

asexual

25
Q

What type of mold reproduction produces spores?

A

sexual

26
Q

Will you be able to tell the difference between bacteria and yeast macroscopically on an agar?

A

No, but definitely microscopically

27
Q

What are the different types of fungal infections?

A

1) superficial mycoses
2) cutaneous mycoses
3) subcutaneous mycoses
4) systemic mycoses
5) opportunistic mycoses

28
Q

Which type of fungal infection involves outermost layers of skin and hair?

A

superficial mycoses

29
Q

Which type of fungal infection extends deep into the epidermis as well as invasive hair and nail infections?

A

cutaneous mycoses

30
Q

Which type of fungal infections involve the dermis, subcutaneous tissues, muscle and fascia?

A

subcutaneous mycoses

31
Q

Which type of fungal infections originate primarily in the lung but may spread to any organ in the body?

A

systemic mycoses

32
Q

Which type of fungal infections associate primarily with immunosuppressed individuals?

A

opportunistic myscoses

33
Q

Which immunity in healthy individuals is generally sufficient in preventing fungal infections?

A

innate

34
Q

What are some things that innate immunity can provide in preventing fungal infections?

A

1) intact skin
2) pH
3) competition with normal bacterial flora
4) epithelial turnover rate
5) desiccated nature of the stratum corneum
6) mucous membranes - antimicrobial peptides, ciliated cells

35
Q

What’s another way fungi can gain access to host tissues?

A

traumatic implantation or inhalation

36
Q

Does adaptive immunity play a role in controlling and eliminating fungal infections?

A

cell mediated immunity is essential and most evidence supports that humoral immunity provides little support

37
Q

The severity of fungal disease depends on what factors?

A

1) size of inoculum
2) magnitude of tissue destruction
3) ability of fungi to multiply in tissues
4) immunologic status of host

38
Q

What are two types of therapy for antifungal drugs?

A

1) topical

2) systemic

39
Q

Topical therapy is used to treat which type of fungal infections?

A

superficial and most cutaneous

40
Q

Systemic therapy is used to treat which type of fungal infections?

A

subcutaneous and systemic infections and some cutaneous as well

41
Q

The antifungal agents Azole, Allylamines, Thiocarbamates and Morpholines all target what in fungi?

A

inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol

42
Q

What specific polyene binds to ergosterol in fungal membranes?

A

Amphotericin B

43
Q

How does Amphotericin B work?

A

disrupts fungal membrane by forming channels that lead to osmotic lysis

44
Q

Echinocandins are what type of antifungal drugs?

A

inhibitors of beta-glucan synthesis

45
Q

Echinocandins is mostly used to treat which fungal diseases?

A

Candida and Aspergillus

46
Q

How are fungal infections frequently diagnosed?

A

direct visualization of fungal elements in infected tissues

47
Q

Following cultivation, what are some ways to identify fungi?

A

colony morphology

hyphal and spore structures

48
Q

Briefly describe how KOH prep work

A

KOH dissolves the skin, nail, or whatever human specimen and the leftover is fungi (human cells dissolves at a much greater rate than chitinous cell walls found in fungi)

49
Q

Do fungi stain Gram (+) or (-)?

A

ALL fungi stain Gram (+)!!

50
Q

What fungal organism should come to mind upon the mention of India Ink stain? Why?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

It is a specific stain for their capsules!!

51
Q

Germ tube test?

A

Candida albicans

52
Q

How long does it take to culture fungi routinely?

A

3-4 weeks (very slowwww)

Microbiology Exam 1 (10 decks)

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