R4 Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cell Flashcards
simple, unicelluar organism that lacks a nucleus, or any membrane-bound organelle
Prokaryote
where would you find the prokaryotic DNA and is the central part of the cell
Nucleoid
has peptodoglycan cell wall and polysaccharide capsule
Prokaryote
extra layer of protection, aid the cell maintain its shape and prevent dehydration
Cell Wall (Peptodoglycan)
enables the cell to attach to surfaces in its environment
Capsule (Polysaccharide)
used for locomotion
Flagella
exchange of genetic material during a type of reproduction (?)
Pili (conjugation)
used by bacteria to attach to a host cell
Fimbriae
diameter of prokaryotic cell and it allows what
0.1 to 5.0 um, allowing faster diffusion of ions and organic molecules, as well as wastes
diameter of eukaryotic cell and it allows what
10 to 100 um, adapted different structural adaptation to enhance intracellular transport
have membrane bound nucleus
numerous membrane-bound organelles
several rod-shape chromosomes
Eukaryotic Cell
little organ
organelles, ex endoplasmic reticulum
houses the cell’s DNA and directs ribosome and protein synthesis
stores chromatin (DNA+protein)
Nucleus
gel-like substance that stores the chromatin, in the nucleus
Nucleoplasm
condensed region of chromatin where ribosome synthesis occurs
Nucleolus
double-membrane structure that constitutes the out-most portion of the nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
punctuated with pores that control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
Nuclear Envelope
punctuated with pores that control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
Nuclear Envelope
semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus
nucleoplasm
small, round organelles enclosed by single membranes
carry out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids
detoxify many poisons that enter the body
Peroxisomes
specialized peroxisomes in plants, responsibles for converting stored fats into sugars
Glyoxysomes
membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport
vesicles and vacuoles
which among vesicles and vacuoles is larger?
Vacuoles
which membrane-bound sacs can fuse with the plasma membrane or other membrane systems
Vesicles
which membrane-bound sacs does not fuse with the membranes of other cellular components
Vacuoles
group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells; to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins
Endomembrane System
what compose the endomembrane system
nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane
series of interconnected membrane sacs and collectively tubules that modify proteins and synthesize lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulum
hollow portion of the endoplasmic reticulum tubules
Lumen or cisternal space
____? membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, a phospolipid bilayer with protein continuous to ____
Lumen or cisternal space, Nuclear Envelope
sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins take place, a series of flattened membranes
Golgi Apparatus
1.) receiving side of the Golgi apparatus
2.) the opposite side of the Golgi apparatus– transport
1.) cis face
2.) trans face
explain the process of the transportation in the Golgi apparatus
transport vesicles that formed in the endoplasmic reticulum travel to the cis face, fuse with it, and empty their contents into the lumen. as proteins and lipids travel by Golgi, they undergo further modifications that allow to be sorted
digestive component and organelle recycling facility of animal cells
use their hydrolytic enzymes to destroy pathogens
Lysosomes
group of white blood cells- part of the body’s immune system
Macrophages
name of the process wherein a pathogen is destroyed
phagocytosis or endocytosis
explain the process of phagocytosis or endocytosis
section of the plasma membrane of the macrophages folds in and engulfs the pathogen
then, invaginated section with the pathogen will pinches itself off the plasma membrane and become a vesicle
then, it fuses with the lysosome and its hydolytic enzymes will destroy it
network of protein fibers, within the cytoplasm, there are ions and organic molecules, plus a network of protein fibers that aid maintain the shape of the cell, secure some organelles in specific positions, allow cytoplasm and vesicles to move and enables cells within multicellular organism to move
Cytoskeleton
narrowest
function in cellular movement
(?) nm diameter
made of two intertwined strands of globular protein (?)
actin filaments
Microfilaments (actin), 7 nm
what powers actin to assemble its filamentous form
ATP
serves as a track for the movement of a motor protein (?)
filamentous form of actin (myosin)
actin and myosin is plentiful where
muscle cells
what happens when actin and myosin slide past each other
muscle contracts
made of several strands of fibrous proteins that are wound together
(?) to (?) nm diameter, between microfilaments and microtubules
Intermediate Filaments, 8 to 10
small hollow tubes
made of polymerized dimers of alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin, two globular proteins
(?) nm diameter, widest among the cytoskeleton
Microtubules, 25
no role in cell movement
function purely structural
maintaining shape of cell and anchor nucleus and other organelles
most diverse group of the cytoskeleton
fibrous protein are found here, like keratin
Intermediate Filaments
help cell resist compression
provide track along which vesicles move through the cell
pull replicated chromosome to opposite ends of the dividing cell
dissolve and reform quickly
structural elements of flagella, cilia and centrioles
Microtubules
microtubule- organizing center
centrosome
long, hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrane and are used to move an entire cell
Flagella
how many flagella are in the cell
just one flagellum or few flagella
extend along the entire surface of the plasma membrane
short, hair-like structures
used to move entire cells or substances along the outer surface of the cell
Cilia
common structure of flagella and cilia
9 + 2 array
explain the 9+2 array
single flagellum or cilium is made of a ring of
nine microtubule doublets, surrounding a single microtubule doublet in the center
structures within the nucleus that are made up of DNA
Chromosomes
in prokaryotic cell, DNA is organized into ____
single circular chromosomes
in eukaryotic cells, ______
chromosomes are linear structures
_____ _____ have specific number of chromosomes
Eukaryotic species
example of specific number of chromosomes
humans have 46 chromosomes, fruit flies have 8
only visible and distinguishable from another when the ____
cell is getting ready to divide
when cells are in its growth and maintenance phases in its life, ____ are attached to the _____, and they resemble an ____
proteins, chromosomes; unwound, jumbled bunch of thread
unwound protein-chromosome complexes
Chromatin
describes the material that makes up the chromosomes both when condensed and decondensed
Chromatin
darkly straining area within the nucleus, aggregates the ribosomal RNA with the associated proteins to assemble the ribosomal subunits that are transported out through the pores in the nuclear envelope to the cytoplasm
Nucleolus
responsible for making _______ ATP
Mitochondria, adenosine triphosphate
“powerhouse or energy factories”
Mitochondria
cell’s main energy carrying molecule
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
process of making ATP using chemical energy found in ____ and _____
Cellular Respiration, glucose and other nutrients
process uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide as waste product
Cellular Respiration
what happens when cells don’t get enough oxygen
when cells don’t get enough oxygen, a lot of ATP cannot be produced. instead small amounts of ATP are produced in the absence of oxygen partnered with Lactic Acid
oval-shaped, double membrane organelles that have its own ribosome and DNA
Mitochondria
each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer _____ with ____
Mitochondria, embedded with proteins
inner layer of the mitochondria has folds
Cristae
area surrounded by the folds
Mitochondrial Matrix
____ and ____ have different role in cellular respiration
Cristae & Mitochondrial Matrix
side of the endoplasmic reticulum that modifies proteins
Rough side of the Endoplasmic Reticulum
side of the endoplasmic reticulum that synthesize lipids
Smooth side of the Endoplasmic Reticulum
membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, which is a phospholipid bilayer that is continuous to the nuclear envelope
Lumen or cisternal space
