R 1.3 REF A

Question 1

lay people

Answer 1

people who are a part of the church, but not high ranks.

Question 2

secular

Answer 2

things that have no religious or spiritual basis

Question 3

Avignon Papacy / Babylonian captivity

Answer 3

King Philip and Pope Boniface VIII had conflict. When Boniface VIII passed away, King Philip pressured the new pope, Clement, to permanently live in Avignon. Clement was too ill to resist.

Babylonian Captivity:
- popes living in Avignon 1309-1376
- damaged the papal prestige

Avignon Papacy:
- centralized gov.
- popes lived in luxury

Question 4

Why did the popes move from Rome to Avignon? Why was there pressure for the popes to move back to Rome?

Answer 4

• popes pressured to move back to Rome because church leadership or church cut off from historic roots & authority

Question 5

the great (Western) Schism

Answer 5

• 2 popes:
  Urband VI for Rome (Italy)
  Clement VII for Avignon (France)
• divided christians in euro. –> euros. started taking sides

Question 6

What factors caused the schism? What were the consequences of the schism?

Answer 6

Factors:
- Italian mob pressure cardinals to elect a Italian pope; but Urban VI was a bad leader
- In response, election became invalid; replaced him w Clement VII
- Urban VI refuse to recognize Clement VII as pope

Consequences:
- Lower class: wrecked w inflation, wars, plague
- ppl. confused on which pope was legitimate
- weakened faith of Christians
- Christian church leadership lowered

Question 7

William of Occam

Answer 7

• France friar and philosopher
• believe the Avignon popes were heretics
• argued against papacy
• questioned connection between reason + faith
• all govs. limited power + be accountable for those they govern
• Church + State should be separate

Question 8

What at the time radical ideas did William of Occam have on religion?

Answer 8

• Church state should be separate
• All govs. should have limited power and be accountable for those they govern

Question 9

How did the church respond to Occam’s + Marsiglio’s critiques?

Answer 9

• Church excommunicated Occams radical ideas
• Condemned Occam + Marsiglio works as heresy

Question 10

John Wyclif

Answer 10

John Wyclif:
- against the idea of medieval church structure
- believe papal claims of power not in scripture
- believe that all Christians should read the bible
- Create a complete translation of the bible to english

Question 11

Lollards

Answer 11

• Wyclif’s followers
• they spread Wyclif’s ideas + Bible to different place s
• Lollard teaching allow women to preach

Question 12

Anticlericalism

Answer 12

• opposition to the clergy
• shown in popular songs and printed images
  = concentrated on 3 problems: clerical immortality, ignorance, and pluralism

Question 13

Pluralism

Answer 13

• churches had multiple offices and collected money instead of fulfilling spiritual duties

Question 14

Martin Luther

Answer 14

• German university professor and priest
• believe that salvation and justification came through faith alone
• wrote the 95 Theses on the Power of Indulgences; early reformer of the 16th century

Question 15

Faith Alone

Answer 15

• belief that salvation and justification came through faith aloe

Question 16

Indulgences

Answer 16

• at first it was where individuals who sin would confess to a priest to have less penance or time in purgatory (fasting + praying)
• then became a piece of paper that the catholic church issued where you could purchase –> bring forgiveness of sin

Question 17

Purgatory

Answer 17

• a place where souls going to heaven went to make amends to their sins (like a middle place)

Question 18

Crusade

Answer 18

• medieval military expedition made by the europeans to the Holy land

Question 19

Pilgrimage

Answer 19

• journey to holy places for personal transformation

Question 20

The 95 Theses

Answer 20

• a letter that Luther wrote to an archbishop
• argued that indulgences undermined the seriousness of sacrament of penance, competed with the preaching of the gospel, and downplay the important of charity in christian life
• theses printed in Latin and German

Question 21

Recant

Answer 21

To say that one no longer holds an opinion or belief; especially one considered heretical

Question 22

Excommunication

Answer 22

• officially exclude someone from participation in sacraments and services of the Christian church

Question 23

diet

Answer 23

assembly of the nobility clergy and the cities of the Holy Roman Empire

Question 24

Diet of Worms

Answer 24

• Charles V held his first diet and summoned Luther to appear
• Luther refused to give in to demands
• Luther create a broad audience for reform ideas + led to others publish against the existing doctrines & practices of church

Question 25

Protestant

Answer 25

• followers of Luther & Zwingli, & others who call for reforms
• all non-catholic western christian groups

Question 26

Sacraments

Answer 26

a religious ceremony or ritual to accept the divine grace –> Baptism

Question 27

Ulrich Zwingli

Answer 27

• important early reformer; swiss humanist, priest, & admirer of Erasmus
• announce that he would preach through Erasmus New Testament rather than the church prescribed readings

Question 28

Clerical celibacy

Answer 28

• require members of clergy to remain unmarried and abstain from sexual thoughts and behavior outside of marriage

Question 29

Eucharist / the Mass / Communion

Answer 29

• ritual commemoration of Jesus’ Last Supper w disciples;

Question 30

transubstantiation

Answer 30

the bread and wine become the actual body and blood of Christ –> result of Christ’s mystery not the priest

Question 31

If the clergy weren’t under the jurisdiction of civil courts, what jurisdiction were they under? What does jurisdiction mean anyway?

Answer 31

• Jurisdiction means the power, right, or authority to interpret and apply the law.
• The clergy must have been under the jurisdiction of the pope.

Question 32

If the Protestants no longer obeyed the authority of the pope in Rome, whose authority did they follow?

Answer 32

• The secular rulers

Question 33

Anabaptists

Answer 33

• belief that baptism is valid only when individuals freely confess their faith Christ and request to be baptized (not when born)

Question 34

Protestant radicals

Answer 34

• group of people who rejected the idea that church and state needed to be united
• created a voluntary community of believers separate from state
• believe on a extensive break from common ideas

Question 35

The Peasants Revolt/War of 1525

Answer 35

• nobles aggravated peasants; imposing higher rent, taking best horse/cows, required additional services, seizing village common lands
• Peasants upset –> Luther tell nobles to kill peasants (saying they’re doing a good thing)
• 75k peasants killed –> strengthened authority of lay rulers

Question 36

divorce for Protestants as opposed to Catholics

Answer 36

Protestants:
- believe that God created marriage as a remedy for human weakness –> if spouses did not comfort or support one another the only solution was divorce & remarriage

Catholics:
- viewed marriage as a sacramental union which you could not back out of

Question 37

Habsburg family

Answer 37

German-Austrian royal family that rules Europe for centuries. They used marriage as a way for their state to increase their [pwer.

Question 38

Jan Huss, Bohemia

Answer 38

Bohemia: 1400 ppl brought Wyclif’s ideas to Prague

Jan Hus:
- denied papal authority
- called for translations of bible in Czech language
- declared indulgences useless

Question 39

Charles V

Answer 39

Maximilian’s grandson who became the heir to a vast and diverse collection of states and people. They were governed in a different manner and held together only by the emperor.

German emperor who advocated for the Catholic Church.

Question 39

Habsburg-Valois Wars

Answer 39

War with the French 1521-1559 - fight for religious unity and a more unified state against territorial rulers who wanted to maintain independence

Question 39

The Peace (Treaty) of Augsburg, 1555

Answer 39

In order to bring peace to the empire officially recognized Lutheranism. Each territory’s political authority had to decide whether the territory would be Catholic or Lutheran (dissidents had to convert or leave)

Question 39

Why did the pope not support Charles V against the Protestants?

Answer 39

The Pope did not want Charles to become more powerful.

Question 39

Why did the Catholic king of France support Lutherans against Charles V?

Answer 39

He did not want Charles V to become more powerful.