Quizzes Flashcards
What is the commonality between all the MNS disorders?
a. They all exhibit symptoms and measurable impairments attributable to brain dysfunction.
b. They all are a consequence of uncontrolled inflammation.
c. They all have plaques, or proteinaceous aggregates.
d. They all are transmissible from person-to-person.
A
Which of the following are clinical therapeutic interventions for MNS disorders? ______
a. Increased presence of behavioral therapists at schools.
b. Use of antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia or antidepressants for mood disorders.
c. Policies and legislations to reduce access to the means of suicide.
d. Better training of teachers and nurses to recognize and identify MNS disorder symptoms.
B
There are various ways to treat MNS disorders. These are? ______
a. Targeting the vectors, or vehicles, of MNS disorders.
b. By enacting legislation that protects children from sources of mental or physical sickness.
c. Through the use of antipsychotics.
d. By a combination of therapeutic, psychological, and social interventions.
D
To implement and maintain an effective MNS disorders intervention, lawmakers and funding agencies need _______.
a. To be able to recover the costs incurred.
b. Evidence of a positive effect on health and their costs and cost-effectiveness.
c. To familiarize themselves with the problem by hiring affected individuals to lead the efforts.
d. To familiarize themselves with the problem by infecting communities and see the outcome.
B
The mortality of MNS disorders is difficult to measure or estimate because _______.
a. MNS disorders result in stillbirths.
b. MNS disorders increase the risk of premature death without being the actual cause of death.
c. MNS disorders are chronic diseases that do not result in death.
d. MNS disorders are overrepresented in certain populations but absent in others.
B
MNS disorders are complex because they can be affected and modulated by _______.
a. Age, genetics, religion, and socioeconomic status of the patient.
b. Month of birth, weight, height, and horoscope.
c. All of the above.
d. (a) and (b) only.
A
Which of the following attributes of health systems must be considered when analyzing possible interventions for MNS disorders? ______
a. Universality, despite social status.
b. Inclusiveness of MNS disorders in health care packages or insurance schemes.
c. That insurance will pay nurses who are up-to-date and well informed on social events.
d. The age at which must MNS disorders strike, and ensuring this population is covered.
B
Which of the following is the BEST definition for MNS disorders? ______
a. A group of diseases with similar etiology.
b. A heterogenous group of clinical manifestations that are affected, and caused, by a complex array of genetic, biological, psychological, and social factors.
c. A group of disorders with unknown etiology.
d. A political term to group all diseases/disorders not covered by governmental health systems.
B
Which of the following statements is True for MNS disorders? ______
a. They are grouped together because they all owe their symptoms to a brain disfunction.
b. They are all treated with the same therapeutic regimen.
c. They are exclusive and never co-occur in the same individual.
d. They often are acute and easy to treat.
A
What is the monoamine hypothesis when referring to mental illnesses? ______
a. Is a disbalance of proteins in the brain resulting in neurodegeneration.
b. It refers to the unique situation when all monoamine neurotransmitters are in a balanced state, which results in either mania or depression.
c. Is a depletion in the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine (single amine neurotransmitters) relative to each other.
d. All of the above.
e. (a) and (b) only.
C
Three vehicles, or means, to deliver interventions against MNS disorders are:
population
community
healthcare
Under the healthcare platform, there are various levels at which interventions can take place. These are:
Self management
primary care / community outreach
hospital care
Three factors that have contributed to a steady increase in MNS disorders in recent times are:
aging - people are living longer
population growth - overcrowding - streching resources
lifestyle factors - long work hours, poor nutrition
MNS disorders manifest broadly and differently because they can be modulated by several factors, including: (mention at least 3)
Genetic
Biological
Psychological
Social
T/F MNS disorders are a catchall term for diseases and disorders that are usually treated equally.
F
MNS - Mental Neurological Substance abuse
heterogenious group of disorders/disease including the above - are not treated equally
T/F Interventions to reduce or prevent MNS disorders have benefits for society (i.e. less injuries due to alcohol or drug use).
T
T/F If we want to make a positive change on how we manage and prevent MNS disorders, political will and commitment from development agencies to allocate the necessary resources and provide technical leadership is essential.
T
T/F Crude mortality numbers are used to estimate the medical burden of MNS disorders because they are the direct cause of substantial deaths.
F
Use YYLs (years of life lost)
YLDs (years lived with diablility)
DALYs (disablility adjusted life years)
to esitmate medical burden beacuse MNS disorders increase risk of death without it being the direct cause
There are various causes for dementia, many treatable. Which of the following is treatable? _____
a. Certain dementias as a result of stroke
b. Kuru
c. Frontal lobe degeneration
d. Brain tumor that has destroyed brain tissue
A
The molecular composition of the Alzheimer’s plaques and fibers are _____.
a. Prion protein and microtubules, respectively.
b. Prion protein and tau protein, respectively
c. Amyloid-β and microtubules, respectively.
d. Amyloid-β and and tau protein, respectively.
D
What may explain the relatively common occurrence of dementia in young adults with Down syndrome?
_____
a. Increased levels of Amyloid-β due to extra copy of the APP gene.
b. Increased levels of tau protein due to extra copy of the chromosome 18.
c. Increased expression of apolipoprotein in their brains.
d. Increased expression of α-synuclein due to extra copy of the SNCA gene.
A
Which of the following are correct comparisons between prion disease and dementia syndromes? _____
a. Both exhibit increased inflammation.
b. Both exhibit dementia as early-on symptoms.
c. Both exhibit pathologically clear proteinaceous aggregates.
d. Both exhibit uncontrolled influx of immune cells.
C
Which of the following describes Parkinson’s disease? _____
a. A motor disorder, that is, an excess or deficiency of movement impulse, movement automaticity, and/or muscle tone.
b. A type of metabolic disorder, where disturbances in the sodium concentration of serum alters the electrolytes/osmolality of the nerve cells.
c. A memory disorder, where the main basis for memory, long-term potentiation and long-term depression, is affected.
d. A muscle disorder, where the muscles waste away and hence there is pronounced overall slowness of motion.
A
Inflammation negatively affects Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s pathology because _____.
a. It removes the protein aggregates but, as collateral damage, kills the neurons.
b. It destroys the infected cells, but then the immune cells become infected.
c. It destroys the muscles, resulting in motor problems and eventual paralysis.
d. It destroys the good microbiota of the brain, enhancing the pathology.
A
the main reason MS is permanent is because the immune response is generated against self-antigens.
