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A - Neuroinfectious Diseases Non-infectious Neurodiseases > Overview > Flashcards

Overview Flashcards

1
Q

MNS Disorders

A

Mental: schizophrenia, depression, autism, etc.

Neurological: Dementias, ALS, Huntington, etc.

Substance-abuse: alcohol, illicit drugs, pain killers, sleep aids, etc

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2
Q

Diseases vs disorders

A

Both - Symptoms and measurable impairments due to some degree of brain dysfunction [disorders - can mesure disfunction even if not know cause]

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3
Q

MNS disorders have complex manifestations (wide range), affected by several factors:

A
  1. Genetic
  2. Biological (age/sex)
  3. Psychological
  4. Social

Hard to study due to high number of variables (normally only want one variable)

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4
Q

Genetic factors

A

Mutated SOD1 gene - ALS (low percentage)
Mutated MECP2 gene - Rett syndrome (rare- girls, boys die in utero b/c )
Trisomy 21 - Down syndrome
Loss of FMR1 - Fragile X syndrome

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5
Q

Biological factors

A
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6
Q

Psychological factors

A

most difficult to measure

  • Mood disorders (inc. depression, inc. AUD)
  • Education / religion - psychological strength (coping skills)
  • Depression ≠ sadness or unhappiness

Major concern - suicide - but cannot rly mesure in terms of mortality

Biology of psychological diseases not very well understood (Loss of synaptic activity associated with rewards / pleasure)

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7
Q

Social factors

A
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8
Q

Cyclical pattern for MNS

A
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9
Q

medical burden of MNS disorders

A

YLLs - Years of Life Lost
YLDs- Years lived with disability
DALYs- Disability-Adjusted Life-Years [DALYs = YLL + YLD]

Hard to measure - MNS disorders increase the risk of premature death without being the actual cause

burden is the highest early/mid adulthood - when most productive

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10
Q

Considerable burden in ___
increased recently, Why? _

A

YLDs

Increased 41% from 1990
to 2010

Why?
-Aging
- Social factors like drug-dealers targeting young people
- Population growth (overcrowding - limited resources)
- Lifestyle factors (poor nutrition, excessive work hours)

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11
Q

nonphysiological effects of MNS disorders

A

Substantial social and economic consequences:

1) Maternal mental health issues - can be transmitted to children (more likely to develop MNS)

2) Correlation of substance use disorders and criminal behavior -> incarceration, lost of productivity

3) Effects on family members engaged in caregiving (now full time job taking care of family member)

4) Immigration and population displacement due to conflict or climate change - increased burden on healthcare systems - effects on quality of service

Economic output lost to MNS disorders globally in 2010 was $8.5 trillion

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12
Q

interventions/treatments for MNS disorders

A

Biological causes not clear for many MNS disorders - mainly Nonphysiological interventions

treatment benefits society (i.e. less injuries due to alcohol or drug use)

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13
Q

Nonphysiological interventions for MNS disorders

A
  1. Behavioral therapy
  2. Life-skills education (adulting?)
  3. Psychosocial stimulation (for infants and kids)
  4. Population-based interventions (i.e. targeting risk factors affecting communities)
  5. Promote healthier diet
  6. Excise taxes or restriction on sales (i.e. alcohol, tobacco)
  7. Policies and legislation (i.e. child protection laws)
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14
Q

How to deliver effective interventions for MNS disorders

A

Through the use of platforms: schools, hospitals

  1. Population – legislative and regulatory measures [laws] {restrict access to means of self-harm or suicide and to reduce the availability of and demand for alcohol.}
  2. Community – workplace rules, teacher training [targeting groups most at risk] {life-skills training in schools to build social and emotional competencies}
  3. Healthcare – detection and management of MNS disorders [humanitarian aid, emergency response]

{three delivery channels
a) self-management (eg, web-based psychological therapy for depression and anxiety disorders)
b) primary care and community outreach (eg, non-specialist health worker delivering psychological and pharmacological management of selected disorders
c) hospital care, which includes specialist services for MNS disorders and first-level hospitals providing other types of services (such as general medicine, HIV, or paediatric care)}

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15
Q

Interventions are delivered by

A

platforms (population, community, health-care)

on platforms - specific delivery channels - viewed as the vehicle of delivery for a particular intervention

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16
Q

problem/boundaries to delivering effective interventions

A

stigma of MNS disorders - many healthcare plans do not cover MNS treatment - now two burdens to treatment 1) finding treatment 2) economic cost

Problem: lack of evidence (very few studies done) that it confers wider economic and social benefits (households → society → country)

Very cost-effective ($3-4 per head per year), but L/M income countries can’t afford it

17
Q

The most important driver of change is

A

political will and commitment in countries and development agencies to allocate the necessary resources and provide technical leadership.

18
Q

lifestile disorders and (chronic) MNS disorders

A

Last decade increase in noncommunicable diseases over infectious diseases (now more people die of non-infectious than infectious diseases)

Correlation between:
Diabetes mellitus → cognitive disorders
Atherosclerosis, heart disease, stroke, obesity → all associated with MNS disorders

all weaken your immune system → infections → medical and economical burden [can’t go wrong with healthcare]

19
Q

main non-infectious neurodiseases / disorders

A
20
Q

What are mental illnesses?

A

Disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior

21
Q

severe case of mental illness

A

psychosis - a collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality.

psychosis - is a symptom not a disorder (can occur with any mental health disorder)

In US, 1% of population has schizophrenia, but 3.5% – 5% experiences psychosis

22
Q

Changes in your brain can be brought about by:

A

Genetics – higher risks if close relative have mental illness

Environment – poverty, addiction, violence, military struggles

Experiences – death of a loved one, diseases, stressful situations

23
Q

can measure __ in mental illnesses

A

Chronic imbalances in neurotransmission, particularly the nerve circuits involved in rewards and emotions

  • Abnormally high amounts of dopamine and low amounts of glutamate
  • This unbalance can happens in many different parts of the brain

Structural changes visible, but inconclusive and nonspecific

24
Q

are mental illnesses neurodegenerative diseases?

A

No

25
Q

monoamine hypothesis

A

mental illness occurs when there is a chronic disbalance between the monoamine NTs

A - Neuroinfectious Diseases Non-infectious Neurodiseases (5 decks)

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