Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A - Neuroinfectious Diseases > Quizzes > Flashcards

Quizzes Flashcards

1
Q

Who injected melted wax into a brain to reveal the exact nature of the brain’s
ventricles? _____
a. Leonardo Da Vinci
b. Madame Tussauds
c. Claudius Galen
d. Hippocrates

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What characteristic features of the brain are shown in this picture? _____

a. The 4 cardinal points
b. The 4 lobes and the stem
c. The 5 hemispheres
d. The 4 lobes and the ventricle

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The brain is involved in processing or directing all of the following except _____.
a. Taste, vision, touch, smell, and hearing.
b. Movement and response to stimuli.
c. Food degradation and absorption.
d. Learning, talking, and emotions.

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The high degree of folding of the cerebral cortex creates more space for neurons,
which is postulated to allow what of the following? _____
a. Move and coordinate all our limbs.
b. Cognition and reasoning.
c. To have at least nine senses.
d. To multitask (like walk and talk at the same time).

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Evolutionarily speaking, what three parts of the brain can be put in order of
appearance during evolution, starting with the ancient part on the left to the newest
addition on the right? _____
a. The hindbrain - the midbrain - the forebrain.
b. The cortex - the brain stem - the cerebellum.
c. The brain stem - the cerebellum - the cerebrum.
d. The cerebellum - the cortex - the spinal cord.

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The brain is a __________ ball, with the empty space inside filled with liquid.

A

hollowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Many nerves come together to form nerve fibers, which also can come together to form thick bundles called nerve tracks. The largest of these is called the ________________, which forms a bridge between the brain’s ______________.

A

Corpus callosum

hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The spinal tap is a procedure possible because the __________ grows faster than the ___________.

A

Vertabre
cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. Meninges
  2. Part of the PNS
  3. Frontal lobe
  4. CNS
  5. Brain lateralization

_____ The enteric nervous system.
_____ The dura, arachnoid, and pia maters.
_____ Refers to the specialization of each brain’s hemisphere.
_____ Responsible for attention, planning, and decision-making.
_____ Is all encased in bone.

A

2
1
5
3
4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which of the following statements is the most accurate description of neuroglia? _____
a) They all originate from the blood and then migrate to the brain.
b) They are electrically non-excitable cells that support the function of the brain.
c) They are the homeostasis-maintaining cells of the nervous system.
d) Is the collective name for all the cell types present in the brain and spinal cord.

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which of the following cells could be described as a stem cell? _____
a) Oligodendrocytes
b) Astroglia
c) NG2 cells
d) Ependymal cells

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two broad types of receptors in a synapse? _____
a) Ionotropic and Ionophobic
b) Metabotropic and Ionophobic
c) Ionophobic and Metabotropic
d) Ionotropic and Metabotropic

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does a signal flow through the nervous system? _____
a) Dendrite  axon  soma  synapse  dendrite
b) Synapse  dendrite  soma  axon  synapse
c) Axon  soma  dendrite  synapse  axon
d) Soma  axon  synapse  axon  soma

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are examples of synapses? _____
a) Axon with dendrite
b) Axon with spine
c) Axon with axon
d) All of the above.
e) Only (a) and (b)

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

(T/F) Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain. _____

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

(T/F) In the brain you can find these three types of cells: neurons, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells. _____

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

(T/F) Myelin is a fatty substance produced by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. _____

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

(T/F) The ‘all-or-nothing law’ of cellular excitation establishes that neurons can regulate the action potentials. _____

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

(T/F) The special neurons of the cerebral cortex can process complex signals because they harbor multiple axons. _____

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A neuroglia with a characteristic star-like morphology: __________.

A

Astrocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cells in charge of myelination in CNS (similar to __________ cells in PNS): __________.

A

Schwan
Olig

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pluripotent cells that give rise to other glia, in particular oligodendrocytes: __________.

A

NG2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Epithelial cells that form the walls of the ventricles: __________.

A

Ependymal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Based on morphology (physical form), neurons can be classified as ___________, ___________, __________, and __________.

A

unipolar
bipolar
muiltipolar
pusudipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The ___________ are very long-lived glia also involved in synaptic pruning and healing.

A

microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which of the following are functions carried out by the BBB? _____
a) Regulates the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
b) Controls the passage of bone-marrow stem cells into the brain.
c) Protects the brain from “foreign” substances in the blood by restricting their passage.
d) Provides the brain with a source of energy in the form of lipids.

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The properties of the BBB are mostly due to the microvascular endothelial cells, but are augmented and maintained by the action of which types of cells? _____

a) Astrocytes, microglia, and pericytes.
b) Microglia, muscle cells, and perivascular macrophages.
c) Astrocytes, pericytes, and perivascular macrophages.
d) Ependymal cells, microglia, and pericytes.

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

A scientist has discovered a drug to treat a specific type of brain infection. The drug is ionized at the pH of human blood, which means that _____.

a) It will be actively absorbed by the BBB.
b) It will passively diffuse through the BBB.
c) It will not be pass through the BBB.
d) It will pass into the endothelial cells and remain trapped there.

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

There are 3 cellular barriers in the CNS: _____.

a) The blood-CSF barrier, the meningeal barrier, and the BBB.
b) The choroid plexus, the dura mater, and the skull.
c) The dura mater, the meningeal barrier, and the BBB.
d) The blood-CSF barrier, the choroid plexus, and the arachnoid.

A

A

30
Q

Which of the following are specialized features of the endothelial cells of the BBB? _____

a) Cellular junctions similar to that found in epithelial barriers.
b) Are highly ciliated.
c) A high concentration of plasma membrane transporters for lipids.
d) Fenestrations and ion-permeable pores.

A

A

31
Q

The neurovascular unit includes: ____________, ____________, ____________, and
____________.

A

Microglia
pericites
astrocites
BMECs

32
Q

In the cerebral vasculature, there are two collaterals that ensure blood supply. These are ____________________ and ____________________.

A

circle of Willis and pial network of vessels.

33
Q

The CSF flows in what direction? _____
a) Lateral ventricles  third ventricle  fourth ventricle  central canal
b) Interventricular foramina  third ventricle  fourth ventricle  cerebral aqueduct
c) Lateral ventricles  Interventricular foramina  cerebral aqueduct  third ventricle
d) Meninges  fourth ventricle  cerebral aqueduct  third ventricle

A

A

34
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the CSF? _____
a) Decreases the effective weight of the brain by ~90%.
b) Cushions the brain and spinal cord from physical trauma, reducing the impact on the tissue.
c) Allows blood into the brain parenchyma to ensure good oxygenation.
d) Removes waste products from the CNS.

A

C

35
Q

What would be an explanation for the Choroid plexus highly vascularized tissue? _____
a) It needs access to the blood to carry out its functions.
b) It generates more waste than normal epithelium, hence requires more blood flow.
c) Like the kidneys, it acts as a filter of the brain’s blood supply.
d) Like the liver, it secretes important molecules that need to be disseminated throughout the
body.

A

A

36
Q

The Choroid plexus plays an important role in the brain’s immune system because
_____.
a) Is the primary site for red blood cell entry into the brain.
b) Is the entryway of immune cells into the perivascular spaces (and sub-arachnoid space).
c) Is thought to be the source of microglia as they differentiate from ependymal cells.
d) Ependymal cells are the resident immune cells of the brain.

A

B

37
Q

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the glymphatic system_____.
a) Is driven by aquaporin channels on astrocytes
b) It distributes nutrients in the parenchyma of the brain
c) It is most active while awake
d) It removes wastes such as amyloid plaques.

A

C

38
Q

(T/F) A defect in the function of the Choroid plexus will lead to disease, regardless of the magnitude
of the defect as the brain will not be able to compensate. _____

A

F

39
Q

(T/F) The Choroid plexus is located within the ventricles and contains the B-CSFB. _____

A

T

40
Q

(T/F) The 4 Choroid plexi (one per ventricle) develop differently and carry out different functions
depending on location. _____

A

F

41
Q

(T/F) Unlike the BBB, the vasculature in the choroid plexus contains sinusoid vessels. _____

A

F

42
Q

(T/F) The glymphatic system is involved in both nutrient distribution and waste removal. _____

A

T

43
Q
A
44
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system? _____
a) Support the immune system by providing space for activation of lymphocytes.
b) Return excess protein and interstitial fluid (ISF) in the tissues back to the blood.
c) Allows absorption of nutrients passing through your intestines.
d) Removes CSF and ISF directly from the parenchyma of the brain and drains it into the gut
for disposal.

A

D

45
Q

During a routine visit to your primary doctor, the physician finds enlarged lymph nodes
in your neck. What could be the cause of this enlargement? _____
a) You have an infection and immune cells in the node closest to the infection (your neck) are
actively dividing and specializing in killing the invader.
b) You have drink too much water causing the lymph node to inundate.
c) You have a defect in your skin.
d) The node is actively absorbing nutrients and lipids and have become swollen due to lack of
space.

A

A

46
Q

Disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s are thought to be a consequence of the
accumulation of misfolded proteins in the brain. Which of the following statements could
be correct? _____
a) The glymphatic system is not working correctly, resulting in accumulation of these proteins.
b) The lymphatic system is not working correctly, resulting in accumulation of these proteins.
c) The vasculature in the brain is not working correctly, resulting in accumulation of these
proteins.
d) The meninges are not working correctly, resulting in accumulation of these proteins.

A

A

47
Q

Which of the following is thought to be correct about the SLYM? _____
a) Is similar in structure and composition to the other meningeal layers.
b) Can organize the CSF in the SAS.
c) Is not a barrier (i.e. molecules can freely pass through it).
d) Is made up entirely of immune cells.

A

B

48
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the neurolymphatic system? _____
a) Is a unique blind-ended unidirectional, absorptive and transport system that penetrates deep
into the brain tissues.
b) It consists of a multitude of lymphatic vessels all over the brain that drain directly into the
thymus.
c) It is present throughout the meninges and constantly scan the CSF and ISF for foreign
compounds.
d) It only scans, and survey, the CSF for foreign particles and does not have access to the
parenchyma of the brain, hence this area cannot be monitored.

A

C

49
Q

(T/F) Lymph from anywhere in your body will at least be filtered by one lymph node prior to return to the
blood.

A

T

50
Q

(T/F) The CSF/ISF flow is the common link between the glymphatic and lymphatic systems.

A

T

51
Q

(T/F) Lymph contains water, proteins, immune cells, and red blood cells.

A

F

52
Q

(T/F) The location of the CNS lymphatics vessels (i.e. in the dura mater rather than in the brain
parenchyma) may explain the evidence previously used to state the immune-privileged organ
hypothesis.

A

T

53
Q

(T/F) The lymphatic vessels are blind ended and as such, can allow easy flow of large molecules and
cells.

A

T

54
Q

Processes:
_____ Recruitment and transmigration of T cells
_____ CSF is sampled by dural lymphatics
_____ Antigen presentation by APCs (such as
DCs) to T cells
_____ CSF/ISF flow
_____ Absorption of CSF by arachnoid
granulations
_____ Immune activation of macrophages by T
cells

Descriptions:
_____ Proximity and accessibility of the venous
and lymphatics vessels in the dura generates a
potential immune hub, facilitating the immune
response.
_____ The glymphatic system generates a fluid
movement which removes wastes, and antigens,
out of the brain parenchyma and into the
subarachnoid space.
_____ The brain’s antigens in the CSF diffuse into
the dura and are taken to the lymph nodes for
filtering via the meningeal lymphatics.
_____ The APCs in the dura pick up the antigens
and present them to lymphocytes for activation.
_____ APCs in the dura, in response to antigens,
release immune signals to recruit immune cells,
which can easily traverse the endothelial barrier at
the postcapillary venules.
_____ These projections of the arachnoid
membrane into the dural sinuses allow for CSF
absorption into the venous system.

A

Processes:
4
2
3
1
___
5

Descriptions:
5
1
2
3
4
______

55
Q

Which of the following ideas was consistent with the “immune privilege” hypothesis? _____
a. The BBB prevented entry of immune cells into the parenchyma of the brain.
b. The lack of conventional lymphatic organs in the brain.
c. The lack of an immune response towards the injection of antigens directly into the ventricles.
d. All of the above.
e. (a) and (b).
f. (a) and (c).

A

E

56
Q

Which of the following observations questioned the “immune privileged” status of the brain? _____
a. The constant presence of lymphocytes (albeit at low levels) in the CSF-filled compartments.
b. That nonself-tissue transplanted into ventricles is rejected.
c. That a substantial amount of the CSF drains into cervical lymph nodes.
d. All of the above.
e. (a) and (b).
f. (a) and (c).

A

D

57
Q

Under healthy conditions, T cells rarely cross into the brain parenchyma. When they do, they cross-
downstream BBB, in the postcapillary venules. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events?

_____
a. Cross the vascular endothelia, reactivation in perivascular space, cross the glia limitans.
b. Cross the vascular endothelia, cross the glia limitans, reactivation in the brain parenchyma.
c. Cross the glia limitans, reactivation in the blood, cross the vascular endothelia.
d. Cross the fenestrated vascular endothelia, reactivation in the perivascular space, cross the
ependymal cell monolayer.

A

A

58
Q

Various features that explain the uniqueness of the neuroimmune system are? _____
a. Rigid layers preventing swelling.
b. Presence of BBB controlling migration of immune cells.
c. Absence of traditional lymphatics directly innervating the brain parenchyma.
d. All of the above.
e. (a) and (b) only.

A

D

59
Q

Because the brain’s lymphatics are restricted to its surface, how do they still sample the parenchyma for
the presence of antigens? _____
a. Through T cells that constantly go inside and scan the brain parenchyma.
b. Through microglia, which when activated (by antigens) migrate out of the parenchyma and into the
lymphatics.
c. Through the glymphatic system, which removes waste (and antigens) from the parenchyma into the
SAS, where is now available to be sampled by the lymphatics.
d. Through arteries and veins that run parallel to the lymphatics and interexchange solutes (and
antigens).

A

C

60
Q

Inflammation plays various important roles in an organism. These are? _____
a. Killing of pathogens.
b. Healing of tissues.
c. Removal of wastes and foreign bodies.
d. All of the above.
e. (a) and (b) only.

A

D

61
Q

What will happen if T cells cross into perivascular spaces and fail to be activated by Antigen-presenting
cells there? _____
a. Nothing, they will just scan the area and if nothing is found, head back into the circulation or are
removed via CSF-drainage pathways.
b. They turn into Tregs and then undergo apoptosis.
c. They will immediately cross the glia limitans into the brain.
d. They will destroy the astrocyte’s endfoot, generating a hole in the glia limitans.

A

A

62
Q

Which of the following are instances that highlight drawbacks of the neuroimmune system? _____
a. The parenchyma of the brain can serve as a safe haven for tumors and encapsulated (large
enclosures) pathogens.
b. The CSF-filled spaces do not have access to lymphatics.
c. The ventricles are surrounded by BBB, preventing easy access of immune cells.
d. The neuroanatomy of the CNS both prevent foreign particles entry but also CNS-specific antigens
from exiting into the peripheral circulation.

A

A

63
Q

Which of the following BEST describe the brain’s immune defenses? _____
a. The three cellular barriers (BBB, BCSFB, and BMB).
b. The BBB, microglia, and all the perivascular antigen-presenting cells (such as epiplexus cells).
c. The meninges, the CSF, and the skull.
d. The lymphatic and glymphatic systems.

A

B

64
Q
  1. The importance of Treg cells in the brain’s immune system is best depicted by which statement? _____

a. They promote infection clearance by expressing highly inflammatory markers that aid on pathogen
killing.

b. They regulate the immune response and coordinate the shift from inflammatory to anti-
inflammatory (healing).

c. Whenever cytotoxic T cells enter the brain they are turned into Tregs by the CNS environment, ensuring that there are never inflammatory cells inside the brain.

d. They can respond to neurotransmitters like serotonin, which allow them to respond and follow brain’s signals.

A

B

65
Q

(T/F) The different brain barriers define compartments in the CNS that differ functionally in their communication
with the immune system.

A

T

66
Q

(T/F) The CNS parenchyma is completely cut-off from the immune system, while the perivascular compartments
(including ventricles) have active immune systems.

A

F

67
Q

(T/F) The brain’s ventricular and subarachnoid spaces exhibit the same immune privilege as the brain
parenchyma.

A

F

68
Q

(T/F) Antigen-presenting cells in the SAS access the lymph nodes through dural lymphatics and come back to the
brain through the same lymphatic vessels.

A

F

69
Q

(T/F) An innate immune response will take between 1 and 2 weeks to develop - a clear example of that is the
COVID19 vaccine that takes 14 days to show protection.

A

F

70
Q
A

A - Neuroinfectious Diseases (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions