Foundation - Macroanatomy Flashcards
Discovery of systems in recent years important for neuroinfections
- The glymphatic system
- The neurolymphatic system
- New meningeal layer
CNS vs PNS
CNS
Encased in bone: brain and spinal cord
Brain: central processing organ
Spinal cord: major conduit of information
PNS
2 parts: somatic and visceral
Somatic = voluntary control
Visceral= involuntary or autonomous
Enteric system - both somatic and visceral
Enteric system
- both somatic and visceral
- consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract.
Brain can be divided into
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Cerebrum
largest (and newest) part
can be divided into:
2 hemispheres (left and right - separated by the dorsal midline)
Connected by corpus callosum
corpus callosum
largest collection of mylenated nerve fibers
connects 2 hemispheres of the brain
Cerebellum
smaller but contains more than half of the total neurons in the brain.
Involved in all voluntary functions.
Brainstem
smallest (and oldest) part,
base upon which the cerebellum and cerebrum rest.
Connection between brain and spinal cord.
Involved in all involuntary functions
The cerebrum is highly folded, with
_____ used to identify 4
lobes
highly folded because ____
deepest folds (sulci)
because - increase surface area - more neurons - more info. processing
(evolutionarily - most folds are in humans)
4 Lobes of the ___ are ____
cerebrum
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
The frontal lobe
attention
planning
decision-making (behavior).
The parietal lobe
integrates information from the senses (orientation and cognition)
The occipital lobe
responsible for vision
(and perception based on visual cues)
The temporal lobe
language
memory
emotion (specially based on sound cues).
Spinal cord can be divided into
5 segments:
1. Cervical cord
2. Thoracic cord
3. Lumbar cord
4. Sacral cord
5. Coccygeal cord
The ____ grows faster than the rest of the spinal cord because of this ___
vertebral column
there is space to do a spinal tap (between L4+L5)
Each segment of the spinal cord contains
various pairs of spinal nerves
these pairs - are where the PNS starts
(i.e. the cervical cord gives rise to 8 nerves)
Layers of protection for the CNS
- Skull and vertebral column
- Meninges (also in spinal cord - continuous)
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (increase buoyancy - floating - protection from blows - evenly distributes pressure)
- Subarachnoid lymphatic-like membrane
The Meninges
Encompasses both brain and
spinal cord
- Dura mater (outermost - “flap”)
- Arachnoid mater (middle)
- Pia mater (innermost)
Define clinically important spaces
Subarachnoid lymphatic-like membrane
(SLYM)
Divides the subarachnoid space into two
functional spaces
* Forms a new anatomical barrier
Plays active role in immune surveillance
Necessary for correct function of the glympathic system
The brain is a ______ ball first noted by ___
hollowed
by Hippocrates but actual morphology discovered by Leonardo da Vinci
hollowed parts of brain contain
CSF-filled spaces
connected by canals known as ventricles
ventricles
left lateral
right lateral,
third
fourth
Connected by:
inter ventricular foramen
and cerebral aqueduct
Continuous with the central canal of
the spinal cord
continios and random flow of CSF starts
after exit 4th ventricle
