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QUIZZAM 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

PNS functions w/o conscious effort

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2
Q

ANS Regulations

A

heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and body temp

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3
Q

ANS Characteristics

A
  1. preganglionic fibers
  2. ganglia
  3. postganglionic fibers
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4
Q

Parasympathetic

A

‘rest and digest’
ordinary conditions

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5
Q

Sympathetic

A

‘fight or flight’
stressful or emergency conditions

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6
Q

Structural Differences btwn parasym. and sym.

A
  1. origin sites
  2. fiber length
  3. ganglia location
  4. ganglia types
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7
Q

Dual Innervation

A

when visceral organs receive info from both para and sym ANS divisions

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8
Q

Autonomic Plexuses

A

nerve networks formed from sym postganglionic fibers ‘mingle’ with para preganglionic fibers

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9
Q

photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

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10
Q

Rods

A

dim light and no color

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11
Q

Cones

A

bright light and high color vision

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12
Q

Light is refracted…

A
  1. at the cornea
  2. entering the lens
  3. leaving the lens
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13
Q

Lens

A

precise focusing of light

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14
Q

Close Vision requires…

A
  1. Accommodation
  2. Constriction
  3. Convergence
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15
Q

Accommodation

A

changing of lens shape by ciliary muscles to increase refraction power

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16
Q

Constriction

A

pupillary reflex constricts the pupil

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17
Q

Convergence

A

medial rotation of the eyeballs toward objects being viewed

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18
Q

When lights are off…

A

photoreceptor cell (rods) says don’t send signal to bipolar cell –> ganglion doesn’t send signal

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19
Q

When lights are on…

A

photoreceptor cells (rods) don’t tell bipolar cells to not send signal (they don’t say anything) –> ganglion sends signal

20
Q

Thalamic Processing

A
  1. relays info on movement
  2. segregates the retinal axons in preparation for depth perception
  3. emphasizes visual inputs from regions of high cone density
  4. sharpens contrast info
21
Q

Cortical Processing

A
  1. Striate cortex (primary)
  2. Prestriate (visual association)
22
Q

What processes identification of objects?

A

temporal lobe

23
Q

What determines spatial location?

A

parietal cortex

24
Q

Chemical sense

A

taste and smell

25
Q

Types of tastebuds

A
  1. Circumvallate
  2. Foliate
  3. Fungiform
26
Q

Basic taste sensations

A
  1. sweet (sugars, alcohol)
  2. sour (H ions)
  3. salt (metal ions)
  4. bitter (alkaloids)
  5. umami (amino acids)
27
Q

In order to be tasted, a chemical…

A
  1. must be dissolved in saliva
  2. must contact gustatory hairs
28
Q

Binding of the food chemical…

A
  1. depolarizes the taste cell membrane, causing release of neurotransmitter
  2. initiates a generator potential that elicits an action potential
29
Q

Taste Transduction

A
  1. taste is 80% smell
  2. thermo-, mechano-, and nociceptors in the mouth also influence tastes
  3. temp and texture enhance or detract from taste
30
Q

Parts of the Ear

A
  1. External ear
  2. Middle ear
  3. Internal ear
31
Q

Properties of Sound Waves

A
  1. frequency - # of waves
  2. wavelength - distance btwn two crests
  3. amplitude - height of crests
  4. pitch - perceptions of different frequencies
  5. loudness - sound intensity (decibels)
32
Q

Localization

A

intensity and timing of sound waves reaching both ears

33
Q

Nervous System

A

short term effects and regulates glands and muscles

34
Q

Endocrine system

A

long term effects and influence metabolic activity by means of hormones

35
Q

Communication by Cells

A
  1. direct communicaiton (gap junctions, directly to next cell)
  2. autocrine (extracellular fluid, back to itself)
  3. paracrine (extracellular fluid, to another cell)
  4. endocrine (bloodstream, to another cell)
36
Q

Exocrine vs Endocrine

A

exocrine - into ducts, sweat and digestive glands
endocrine - directly into bloodstream, “target cell”

37
Q

Hormone Characteristics

A
  1. needed in very small amounts
  2. produce long-lasting effects in cells they target
  3. regulate metabolic processes
  4. regulated by negative feedback mechanisms
38
Q

Hormone Functions

A
  1. stimulate synthesis of an enzyme/protein by activating genes in target cells
  2. increase/decrease the rate of enzyme/protein by changing transcription or translation rates
  3. turns enzyme or membrane channels “on” or “off”
39
Q

Freely circulating hormones…

A
  1. diffuse out of bloodstream or bind to receptor
  2. are broken down by the liver or kidney
  3. are broken down by enzymes in blood plasma
40
Q

Endocrine Reflexes

A
  1. humoral stimuli (thyroid)
  2. hormonal stimuli (pituitary gland)
  3. neural stimuli
41
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland secrete…

A
  1. human growth hormone - cell growth and replication
  2. thyroid stimulating hormone - secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland
  3. adrenocorticotropic hormone - release of steroid hormones and glucose metabolism
  4. prolactin - mammary gland, development, and milk
  5. follicle stimulating hormone - primary sex organs and maturation
  6. luteinizing hormone - primary sex organs and secretion of estrogens and testosterone
42
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland

A
  1. anti-diuretic hormone - decrease water loss in kidneys
  2. oxytocin - pregnancy stuff and pleasure
43
Q

Thyroid Gland Hormones

A
  1. thyroxine (T4) - metabolic rate
  2. triiodothreonine (T3) - metabolic rate
  3. calcitonin - calcium
44
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

highly vascularized
two parts:
1. adrenal cortex - aldosterone and cortisol
2, adrenal medulla - epinephrine and norepinephrine

45
Q

Pineal Gland

A

epithalamus
melatonin
functions:
1. awake/sleep cycle
2. inhibiting reproductive function

46
Q

Pancreas

A
  1. alpha cells - glucagon (blood glucose levels)
  2. beta cells - insulin (promote glycogen formation)hj

.. (3 decks)

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