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QUIZZAM 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

PNS functions w/o conscious effort

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2
Q

ANS Regulations

A

heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and body temp

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3
Q

ANS Characteristics

A
  1. preganglionic fibers
  2. ganglia
  3. postganglionic fibers
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4
Q

Parasympathetic

A

‘rest and digest’
ordinary conditions

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5
Q

Sympathetic

A

‘fight or flight’
stressful or emergency conditions

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6
Q

Structural Differences btwn parasym. and sym.

A
  1. origin sites
  2. fiber length
  3. ganglia location
  4. ganglia types
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7
Q

Dual Innervation

A

when visceral organs receive info from both para and sym ANS divisions

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8
Q

Autonomic Plexuses

A

nerve networks formed from sym postganglionic fibers ‘mingle’ with para preganglionic fibers

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9
Q

photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

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10
Q

Rods

A

dim light and no color

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11
Q

Cones

A

bright light and high color vision

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12
Q

Light is refracted…

A
  1. at the cornea
  2. entering the lens
  3. leaving the lens
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13
Q

Lens

A

precise focusing of light

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14
Q

Close Vision requires…

A
  1. Accommodation
  2. Constriction
  3. Convergence
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15
Q

Accommodation

A

changing of lens shape by ciliary muscles to increase refraction power

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16
Q

Constriction

A

pupillary reflex constricts the pupil

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17
Q

Convergence

A

medial rotation of the eyeballs toward objects being viewed

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18
Q

When lights are off…

A

photoreceptor cell (rods) says don’t send signal to bipolar cell –> ganglion doesn’t send signal

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19
Q

When lights are on…

A

photoreceptor cells (rods) don’t tell bipolar cells to not send signal (they don’t say anything) –> ganglion sends signal

20
Q

Thalamic Processing

A
  1. relays info on movement
  2. segregates the retinal axons in preparation for depth perception
  3. emphasizes visual inputs from regions of high cone density
  4. sharpens contrast info
21
Q

Cortical Processing

A
  1. Striate cortex (primary)
  2. Prestriate (visual association)
22
Q

What processes identification of objects?

A

temporal lobe

23
Q

What determines spatial location?

A

parietal cortex

24
Q

Chemical sense

A

taste and smell

25
Types of tastebuds
1. Circumvallate 2. Foliate 3. Fungiform
26
Basic taste sensations
1. sweet (sugars, alcohol) 2. sour (H ions) 3. salt (metal ions) 4. bitter (alkaloids) 5. umami (amino acids)
27
In order to be tasted, a chemical...
1. must be dissolved in saliva 2. must contact gustatory hairs
28
Binding of the food chemical...
1. depolarizes the taste cell membrane, causing release of neurotransmitter 2. initiates a generator potential that elicits an action potential
29
Taste Transduction
1. taste is 80% smell 2. thermo-, mechano-, and nociceptors in the mouth also influence tastes 3. temp and texture enhance or detract from taste
30
Parts of the Ear
1. External ear 2. Middle ear 3. Internal ear
31
Properties of Sound Waves
1. frequency - # of waves 2. wavelength - distance btwn two crests 3. amplitude - height of crests 4. pitch - perceptions of different frequencies 5. loudness - sound intensity (decibels)
32
Localization
intensity and timing of sound waves reaching both ears
33
Nervous System
short term effects and regulates glands and muscles
34
Endocrine system
long term effects and influence metabolic activity by means of hormones
35
Communication by Cells
1. direct communicaiton (gap junctions, directly to next cell) 2. autocrine (extracellular fluid, back to itself) 3. paracrine (extracellular fluid, to another cell) 4. endocrine (bloodstream, to another cell)
36
Exocrine vs Endocrine
exocrine - into ducts, sweat and digestive glands endocrine - directly into bloodstream, "target cell"
37
Hormone Characteristics
1. needed in very small amounts 2. produce long-lasting effects in cells they target 3. regulate metabolic processes 4. regulated by negative feedback mechanisms
38
Hormone Functions
1. stimulate synthesis of an enzyme/protein by activating genes in target cells 2. increase/decrease the rate of enzyme/protein by changing transcription or translation rates 3. turns enzyme or membrane channels "on" or "off"
39
Freely circulating hormones...
1. diffuse out of bloodstream or bind to receptor 2. are broken down by the liver or kidney 3. are broken down by enzymes in blood plasma
40
Endocrine Reflexes
1. humoral stimuli (thyroid) 2. hormonal stimuli (pituitary gland) 3. neural stimuli
41
Anterior Pituitary Gland secrete...
1. human growth hormone - cell growth and replication 2. thyroid stimulating hormone - secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland 3. adrenocorticotropic hormone - release of steroid hormones and glucose metabolism 4. prolactin - mammary gland, development, and milk 5. follicle stimulating hormone - primary sex organs and maturation 6. luteinizing hormone - primary sex organs and secretion of estrogens and testosterone
42
Posterior Pituitary Gland
1. anti-diuretic hormone - decrease water loss in kidneys 2. oxytocin - pregnancy stuff and pleasure
43
Thyroid Gland Hormones
1. thyroxine (T4) - metabolic rate 2. triiodothreonine (T3) - metabolic rate 3. calcitonin - calcium
44
Adrenal Glands
highly vascularized two parts: 1. adrenal cortex - aldosterone and cortisol 2, adrenal medulla - epinephrine and norepinephrine
45
Pineal Gland
epithalamus melatonin functions: 1. awake/sleep cycle 2. inhibiting reproductive function
46
Pancreas
1. alpha cells - glucagon (blood glucose levels) 2. beta cells - insulin (promote glycogen formation)hj

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