Quiz3 Flashcards
Intimacy & Generativity as adult goals
- 35/39 yr old : 1/2 chance of pregnant than 19/26 yr old
- menopause: age 50
- sexual activity satisfying constant; age 75: little sexual desire
- over 65: fewer short-term ailments (half likely than 20 yr olds)
- age 85: car accident exceed 16 yr old
- blood-brain barrier breaks down (start with hippocampus)
- age 80: brain-weight reduction of 5 percent
- slow development of frontal lobe (until age 25)
- frontal lobe degrades as old
- there is neuroplasticity in aging brain; compensates for what it loses
- exercise maintain telomeres that protect chromosome ends and slow progression of mental deterioration
- exercise stimulate neurogenesis: development of new cells, neural connection
- can recognize but not recall
- lots of variation in learning and remembering in age 70
- often have
Intimacy : marrying and having children
Generativity: working and leaving an impact on the world
Changing roles and changing households in the US (and elsewhere)
Roles: women less likely to get married
Physical changes in mid-life
Cognitive changes in midlife (peak in 20s for fluid abilities, peak later for crystalized abilities, slower ‘processing speed’, lower memory recall scores)
Less brain asymmetry in older adults (may be compensatory, may be a result of a failure of inhibitory systems, higher neural noise/ signal radio)
Changing goals (socioemotional selectivity theory )
Emotional satisfaction (fewer peripheral acquaintances, stronger close friends, older adults may ‘withdraw’)
Little support for concept of midlife crisis - but midlife events may lead to reflection
Paradox of aging (if everything is falling apart, why are older adults happier?) - older adults may perceive more positive stimuli relative to negative stimuli
Successful aging - maintaining healthspan
Diet, exercise, and social interacion are all shown to help with maintaining coginitive and physical health
Death and dying - Kubler Ross stages of dying / cultural differences in facing death
Sensation vs Perception
Transduction
Thresholds (signal detection theory & Weber’s law, subliminal perception)
Sensory adaptation
Top down vs Bottom up processing (perceptual sets, context effects)
Basic properties of light & associated perception
Visual pathway
Anatomy of the eye
Receptor properties
Color vision
Early Vision: feature detectors (fusiform facial area)
Marr’s model of vision
Gestalt Principles of Organization (figure ground, principles: closure, good continuation, similarity, pragnanz)
Environmental regularities
Moon illusion (top-down processing)
Monocular and Binocular Cues (depth perception, size and shape constancy, texture gradients)
Ambiguous information and top down processing
Cues from Movement (optic flow, focus of expansion)
Basic Properties of sound
Anatomy of the ear
Transduction of the movement of air to the perception of hearing
Location cues
Hearing Loss (cochlear implants, bone conduction headphones)
Top down processing and ambiguous inputs (sound illusions)
There are receptors for pressure/heat and cold/pain
cognitive influences
Nociceptors and gate control (pain can be blocked with other sensations or cognitions)
Biophychosocial approach to pain
Taste, smell, kinesthesia, balance, sensory interactions (illusions, travel sickness), synethesia
Habituation
Sensitization
Associative learning
Observational learning
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov, US/US/CS/CR, Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous recovery, Generalization, Discrimination)
Unconditioned stimulus
Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organsim
Unconditioned response
Reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
Stimulus that is initially neutral and produces a reliable response in an organism
Conditioned stimulus
Reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus
Applications (drug cravings, food cravings, immune responses, therapy / phobias)
Behaviorism (Watson & little albert)
Thorndike’s law of effect
Skinner (rewards and punishments, skinner box / operant chamber, positive and negative rewards and punishment)
Positive reinforcement
Increases behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers
Negative reinforcement
Increases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli
Positive punishment
Presents a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior less likely to happen in the future
Negative punishment
Removes a desired stimulus after a particular undesired behavior is exhibited, resulting in reducing that behavior in the future
Shaping
Primary and secondary reinforcers
Immediate and delayed reinforcers
Reinforcement scheudles
Drawbacks of punishment
Applications of operant conditioning (ex. school, computers, at work, sports, parenting)
Tolman’s maze (why conditioning alone cannot be the whole story)
Biopsychosocial approach
Biological constraints to conditioning
Ecologically relevant conditioning works better (bearnaise sauce effect, instinctive drift)
Evidence of cognitive processes (intrinsic and extrinsic motivations)
Observational learning (Bandura and the bobo doll, mirror neurons, pro and antisocial effects)
