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PSYC 1101 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness

A

Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment

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2
Q

Intentionality

A

Being directed toward an object
- you have to be thinking about something
- you can’t have a consciousness not thinking about something

One of four basic properties of consciousess

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3
Q

Unity

A

Resistance to division
- integrating information from the sense to form a whole

One of four basic properties of consciousness

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4
Q

Selectivity

A

Capacity to include some objects but not others
- dichotic listening
- cocktail party phenomenon

One of four basic properties of consicousness

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5
Q

Transience

A

Has tendency to change

One of four basic properties of consciousness

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6
Q

James and stream of consciousness

A

“like a river”
- consciousness allows people to develop sense of personal identity that has continuity over time
- feel like same person as your ten-year-old self
- integrate past, present, and future behavior

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7
Q

How do we judge what is conscious?

A
  • capacity for experiences ( feel pain, pleasure, hunger, etc.)
  • capacity for agency ( self-control, planning, memory, thought)
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8
Q

Is AI conscious; Chinese room thought experiment

A
  • ai not experiencing actual emotions

Chinese room
- can machine actually be intellegent?
- boxes of Chinese characters and book of instructions, human can use it to make phrases
- ai can only simulate knowledge

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9
Q

Mind-body problem

A
  • how the mind is related to the brain and body
  • david chalmers: “hard problem of consciousness”; how do physical and non-physical things interact?
  • descartes: suggested mind has effect on brain via pineal gland
  • contemporary: suggest mental events tied to brain events
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10
Q

Experience of the consciousness

A

Arise from synchronized activity across the brain

  • if simulate same brain activity as for example “tennis” will they start thinking about tennis?
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11
Q

Selective attention

A

Conscious awareness focused on particular stimulus
- can only attend to one thing while ignoring others

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12
Q

Cherry and dichotic listening experiments

A
  • Focused Auditory Attention
  • One message is presented to the left ear, another in the right ear
  • person can repeat what they heard in left ear, but could not report what was said in other ear
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13
Q

Talking on the phone while driving

A

Division of attention: we can’t do it
- creates less attention and impairs attention for each task

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14
Q

Switching attentional focus

A
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15
Q

Conscious and unconscious perception

A

Capture of attention by salient stimuli

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16
Q

Change blindness

A

Failure to detect substantial change in visual scene

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17
Q

inattentional blindness

A

Failure to notice an unexpected but fully visible object when attention is diverted to other aspects of a display

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18
Q

hemispatial neglect

A

Patient ignores objects in one half of visual field in perception and imagery

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19
Q

blindsight

A

Respond to visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it or see them
- avoid blocks in hallway without actually being able to see them
- flash shape very briefly so ppl don’t “know” what they saw but can guess correctly what they saw

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20
Q

Two track mind

A

Unconscious parallel processing
- id and superego
- like elephant that does what it does

Conscious sequential processing
- ego
- reasoning and steer the elephant

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21
Q

automatic processing

A

Unconscious, efficient, fast
- suffer no capacity limitations
- do not require attention
- very hard to modify once learned

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22
Q

controlled processing

A

Conscious, demanding, slow
- limited capacity
- require attention
- can be used flexibly in changing circumstances

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23
Q

circadian rhythm

A

Cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long
- approx 90 min sleep cycle

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24
Q

external and internal environmental cues for rhythm

A

Without any environmental time cues, circadian rhythms become desynchronized

  • jet lack: out of sync with daylight and darkness cues
  • light: light sensitive retinal proteins; suprachiasmatic nucleus that decreases melatonin production
  • temperature
  • other schedules: exercise, food, social interaction
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25
Q

Awake State

A

Alert: beta brain waves

Drowsy: Alpha brain waves

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26
Q

N1 sleep

A

First stage of non-REM (NREM) sleep
Slowed breathing and irregular brain waves
Can experience hallucinations:
Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus
Hypnagogic sensations: sense of falling, body suddenly jerk

alpha and theta brain waves

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27
Q

N2 sleep

A

Lasts for about 20 min
Periodic sleep spindles
theta brain waves with delta near the end
Bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity that aid memory processing
Can be awakened without too much difficulty, but asleep

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28
Q

N3 sleep

A

Deep sleep
Slow-wave sleep
Lasts for about 30 min
Delta waves: Large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

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29
Q

REM sleep

A

Rapid eye movement sleep
Recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur
Also known as paradoxical sleep
Muscles are relaxed, but other body system active
Lasts about 10 min, but periods get longer the longer the sleep
Return through N2
Brain waves become more rapid, like those nearly awake N1 sleep waves
Heart rate rises, breathing becomes rapid and irregular
Brain motor cortex active but brainstem blocks messages
20 to 25 percent of sleep is REM sleep

30
Q

changes in sleep with age

A

Young: sleep a lot
Teen: wake up late, go to bed late; more night owl
Adults: morning person, sleep less

31
Q

cultural social and economic influences on sleep

A

Jobs, schools, etc.

32
Q

functions of sleep

A

Protection
Recuperation: neurons repaired, unused connections pruned, CSF washes out toxin and protein fragments in N3 sleep
Memory consolidation: Cf EMDR and Trauma therapy vs REM sleep
Creative thinking
Supporting growth: rested athletes have more energy

33
Q

effects of sleep loss

A

Sleep debt
- takes at least 2 weeks for recovery
- after sleep debt paid, people sleep 7.5 - 9 hours

Effects
- mood: more angry
- depressed: more suicidal thinking
- weight gain

34
Q

sleep disorders

A
  • insomnia : inability to fall asleep
  • narcolepsy : fall asleep too often
  • sleep apnea (stop breathing)
  • sleep walking and talking (N3 sleep)
  • exploding head syndrome : hear loud sound
35
Q

Dream characteristics

A
  • intense emotions
  • illogical thought
  • meaningful sensation
  • uncritical acceptance
  • difficulty remembering dream on waking
  • mostly negative
36
Q

Dream functions

A
  • satisfy own wishes (Frued’s wish fufillment)
  • file away memories (info processing)
  • develop and preserve neural pathways (phsyiological function)
  • make sense of neural static (activation synthesis)
37
Q

Drug tolerance

A

With continued use, users develop tolerance as brain chemistry adapts
require larger doses each time to have same effect

38
Q

Drug withdrawal

A
39
Q

Addiction and reward system in the brain

A

Get jacked by drug and alcohol

altering synaptic transimission among neurons
increasing or decreasing neurotransmitter amounts
blocking, mimicking, or influencing a particular neurotransmitters effects
addictive drugs activate dopamine-producing neurons in brain’s reward system

40
Q

Effects of alcohol

A

Depressant: calm neural activity and slow body functions
Slowed neural processing, memeory disruption, reduced self wareness, expectancy effects, girls affected more than boys

41
Q

Effects of opiates

A

Depress neural functioning

Opium derivatives: heroin, methadone
Cessation of endorphin production in body

42
Q

Broad classification of drugs

A

Depressants: drugs that depress brain activity
Opiods: drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and relieve pain and produce euphoria
Stimulants: drugs that stimulate brain activity
Psychedelics: drugs that distort sensory perceptions

43
Q

Nature / Nurture

A

developmental psychology theme
- genetic and environmental influences on development

44
Q

Continuity and stages

A

developmental psychology themes
- slow, continuous process vs critical periods

45
Q

stability and change

A

developmental psychology theme
- ex. is personality consistent?

46
Q

prenatal stages

A

3 stages (from conception to birth)
1. Germinal: 2 week period; brief lifetime of zygote (fertilized egg)
2. Embryo: 2 - 8 week period; brain develop around 250,000 nerve cells per min
3. Fetal : 9 week - birth; myelination: formation of fatty sheath around axons of a neuron

47
Q

synaptic pruning

A

brain development in prenatal brain; rapid frontal lobe growth from 3 to 6 years

synaptic pruning: shuts down unused links; use-it-or-lose-it

48
Q

critical period of neuroplasticity

A

Critical period for some skills : lack of exposure to spoken, written, or signed language before adolescence will cause person to never master any language

Visual experience: without visual stimulation during early years, will never have normal perceptions

49
Q

infant memory

A

Infantile amnesia
- can’t consciously recall from before age 4
- as children mature, children become increasingly capable of remembering experiences
- frontal lobe and hippocampus continue to mature

Still process and store info –> relearn language not spoken since child

50
Q

rats in “enriched environment”

A

rats in enriched environment: developed heavier / thicker brain cortex

rats in impoverished environment: slow cognitive development

51
Q

early sensory and motor development

A

perceptual: poor distance vision, responds to facial features

motor: grasping, innate motor responses, roll over –> crawl –> walk

52
Q

piaget’s stages

A

Stages of cognitive development in which children learn

periods of change, stability and movement to next stage with distinctive characteristics and thinking

schemas: concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences

53
Q

sensorimotor

A

piaget’s stage

(birth - 2 yrs) sensorimotor: begin to interact with environment

no object permanence

54
Q

pre-operational

A

piaget’s stage

(2 - 6 yrs) pre-operational: begins to represent world symbolically

lack of concept of conservation
inability to take point of views of others

55
Q

concrete operational

A

piaget’s stage

(6 - 11 yrs) concrete operational: think logically about physical objects and events, understands conservation of physical properties

comprehension of mathematical transformation

56
Q

formal operational

A

piaget’s stage

(11 yrs + ) formal operational: child think logically about abstract and hypotheticals

57
Q

gradual progression rather than discrete stages

A

More current thinking
- piaget’s theory was more about stages

58
Q

vygotsky

A

scaffolding: child’s mind grows through interactions with social environment

theory of mind: occurs when children begin to infer other’s mental states

Social learning: infant’s ability to learn from others
- depends on
1. joint attention: focus on what someone else is focused on
2. social referencing: use other person’s reactions as info about how to think about the world
3. Imitation: ability to do what another person does

59
Q

bowlby

A

Attachment
- emotional tie to another; seek closeness; separation distress

Origins: body contact more important than nourishment
Familiarity: formed during critical period
- imprinting: hours after hatching in birds

60
Q

harlow’s monkey

A

attachment experiment with baby monkey
- seek contact more when in distress
- developed behavioral abnormalities
- incapable of learning /communicating with other
- incapable of normal sexual behavior

61
Q

ainsworth’s strange situation

A

Child play in lab playroom, and see how child will react when mom leaves and returns

secure attachment: distress when leave, seek contact / comfort when return
insecure attachment: distress / indifferent when leave, still upset / indifferent when return

62
Q

deprived of attachment / neglect

A

cause insecure attachment
lower intelligence, abnormal stress response, more ADHD

63
Q

critical period of developing attachment

A

Anxiety over separation peaks at 13 months then gradually declines

securely attached children will have basic trust

64
Q

temperament

A

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

temperament is genetics
temperament affects attachment style
temperament typically persists

65
Q

effects of infant attachment on adult outcomes

A

Secure attachment : adjust well to strange situation and flourish socially and academically
Anxious attachment : constantly crave acceptance but remain alert to signs of possible rejection
Avoidant attachment : experience discomfort getting close to others and use avoidant strategies to maintain distance

66
Q

cultural parenting differences

A

West: emphasize independence
British boarding school
Asian/African: physical and emotional closeness; family

67
Q

optimal parenting

A

Authoritarian: coercive, impose rules and expect obedience
Permissive: unrestraining, little punishment
Neglectful: uninvolved; inattentive
Authoritative: confrontive, demanding and responsive (children have highest self-esteem and self-regulation)

68
Q

puberty

A

Time when we mature sexually
- surge of hormones
- continue develop frontal lobes
- egocentrism
- imaginary audience : what others think about them
- personal fable: believe they are unique

Menarche - first menstrual period

69
Q

kohlberg’s stages

A

Describe the development of moral reasoning

  1. preconventional (before 9) : self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards
  2. conventional (early adolescence): uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order
  3. postconventional (adolescence and beyond): actions reflect beliefs in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles
    • mainly based on individualist societies
70
Q

moral reasoning vs intuitions

A

moral intuition: “quick gut feeling”, mind makes moral judgement quickly and automatically; based on emotion

moral reasoning: based on thinking and reason

71
Q

shift from parents to peers

A

Puberty alters attachments and primes perception

  • display superior recognition for peers’ faces
  • seek to fit in with group
  • selection effect: adolescents seek out peers with similar attitudes

PSYC 1101 (2 decks)

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