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Molecular Genetics > Quiz unit 3 > Flashcards

Quiz unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

This is a molecule found in the nucleus that carries the genetic material.

A

Chromosome

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2
Q

The chromosome is made up of ______________ chromatids attached at a point called the ___________.

A

two identical sister

Centromere

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3
Q

The centromere divides the chromosomes into two sections called ________

A

Arms

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4
Q

The shorter arm of the chromosome is referred to as the _________

A

p arm

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5
Q

The longer arm of the chromosome is referred to as the ________

A

q arm

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6
Q

What are the four types of chromosomes based on the location of the centromere?

A
  1. Telocentric chromosome
  2. Acrocentric chromosome
  3. Submetacentric chromosome
  4. Metacentric chromosome
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7
Q

It is a type of chromosome where the centromere is located at the tips of the chromosome.

A

Telocentric chromosome

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8
Q

An ___________ has centromeres located quite near the tip of the chromosome.

A

Acrocentric chromosome

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9
Q

____________ have a centromere located near the middle, resulting in a slightly unequal arm.

A

Submetacentric chromosomes

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10
Q

The _____________ has a centrally located centromere with p and q arms of almost the same length.

A

Metacentric chromosome

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11
Q

The compact arrangement of the chromosome is visible only during _____ or ______ of the cell cycle.

A

cell division or the M-phase (also known as mitosis)

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12
Q

During __________, the chromosome is a loosely arranged chromatin.

A

interphase

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13
Q

A single chromosome is made up of a ______ DNA molecule __________ by proteins called _______.

A

single;
supercoiled;
histones

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14
Q

A DNA molecule is made up of _____ DNA strands arranged in an _________ and twisted into a _______

A

Two;
antiparallel manner;
double helix

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15
Q

DNA is made of two strands. Each strand is made up of what three components?

A

Phosphate Group
Sugar Group
Nitrogenous Bases

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16
Q

A sugar and a nitrogenous base form a ________

A

Nucleoside

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17
Q

What is the function of the phosphate groups in DNA synthesis?

A

Phosphate groups contain high-energy bonds, which bind one nucleoside with an adjacent nucleoside. Forming an entire strand of DNA.

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18
Q

In sugar groups, the type of sugar in DNA is called a ________

A

5-carbon ring of deoxyribose sugar

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19
Q

In a nucleotide, the sugar is attached to the phosphate by its __________ carbon .

A

5’ carbon

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20
Q

What is a nitrogenous base?

A

It is an organic molecule made up of nitrogen

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21
Q

How can nitrogen become a base?

A

Its two lone electrons can act as a base in chemical reactions.

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22
Q

What are the two types of nitrogenous bases and their subtypes?

A

Purines: Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines: Cytosine and Thymine

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23
Q

Purines and pyrimidines form ____________ attached by what type of bonds?

A

Complementary base pairs; Hydrogen bonds.

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24
Q

Adenine always pairs with ________, forming how many hydrogen bonds?

A

Thymine; 2 hydrogen bonds

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25
Q

Guanine always pairs with_______ forming how many bonds?

A

Cytosine: 3 hydrogen bonds

26
Q

In the arrangement of the nucleotide in each DNA strand. The _____________ forms the “backbone” of each strand while the ___________ form hydrogen bonds to bind the two strands together and form an entire DNA molecule

A

Phosphate-sugar combination (or phosphate and sugar groups)

nitrogenous bases

27
Q

Group of proteins responsible for DNA packaging

A

Histones

28
Q

What are the four types of histone proteins?

A

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

29
Q

In histones, The DNA strand is wound around the ______ during the _______

A

octamer; initial DNA packaging

30
Q

This protein is responsible for the second level of DNA packaging

A

Histone 1

31
Q

There are _______ and ______ proteins that are responsible for packaging the DNA so that it would fit into the tiny nucleus and still be functional.

A

histone and non-histone

32
Q

The first level of packaging is the formation of the ___________

A

Nucleosome

33
Q

Histones 3 (H3) and histones 4 (H4) proteins allow the 2 nm diameter DNA to wind around the _____ once, forming a ______

A

Tetramer; Tetrasome

34
Q

A more reliable packaging is achieved if histones ____ and _____ are also present, allowing the DNA to form a negative superhelical (counterclockwise) turn around a histone octamer twice, forming the _____

A

2A and 2B; Nucleosome

35
Q

A series of nucleosomes form the _______ that looks like “_________”

A

chromatin; beads on a string

36
Q

What are two models proposed regarding the possible configuration of chromatin?

A

Zigzag and solenoid

37
Q

The third level of compaction is formed by the interaction between the 30 nm fiber and the nuclear matrix; forming 300 nm radial loops called the ________.

A

euchromatin

38
Q

The ____________ of the 30 nm fiber anchor to the nuclear matrix via internal matrix proteins, forming what shape?

A

matrix attachment regions (MARs); loop

39
Q

Although compact, the ______ of the euchromatin still allows _______to access the DNA during the transcription phase of protein synthesis

A

radial loops; transcription factors

40
Q

Further compaction of the 300 nm euchromatin forms a ____ nm _________

A

700nm; heterochromatin

41
Q

This level is a tightly compacted chromatin region that prevents transcription factors from accessing the DNA. Thus, no transcription occurs in __________ segments

A

Heterochromatin

42
Q

There are two types of heterochromatin;

A

Constitutive and Facultative

43
Q

Permanently inactive heterochromatin - formed by DNA segments that are no longer used or needed by the cell

A

Constitutive heterochromatin

44
Q

Inactive for some time, then uncoils back to euchromatin if the transcription is required by the cell, then coils again into heterochromatin - formed by DNA segments that are still used or needed by the cell

A

Facultative Heterochromatin

45
Q

During the ______ stage of cell division, the chromatin enters the last level of compaction

A

prophase

46
Q

In the prophase stage, all euchromatin coils into heterochromatin, then all heterochromatin undergoes ______ to form the chromosome

A

Supercoiling

47
Q

Two types of structural maintenance chromosome (SMC) proteins participate in anchoring the chromatin as it forms the chromosome. Which are?

A

Cohesins and Condensins

48
Q

Shortly before prophase, __________ bind sister chromatids together along their entire length and remain in position until the chromosome is formed.

A

Cohesins

49
Q

As the cohesins hold on to the sister chromatids, the condensins aid in the _____________ until the final metaphase chromosome is formed

A

coiling of the chromatin

50
Q

Shortly before _______, the cohesins detach, separating the arms of the chromosome but remains attached in the constricted region called the centromere

A

metaphase

51
Q

Shortly before ________, cohesins bind sister chromatids together along their entire length and remain in position until the chromosome is formed

A

prophase

52
Q

State the levels of compaction along with their expected measurements respectively.

A
  1. DNA double-helix (2nm)
  2. Nucleosome (11 nm)
  3. Chromatin (30nm)
  4. Euchromatin (300nm)
  5. Heterochromatin (700nm)
  6. Chromosome (14000nm)
53
Q

What type of bond connects nitrogenous bases?

A

Hydrogen bonds

54
Q

What do phosphodiester bonds connect within the DNA structure?

A

Adjacent sugar groups

55
Q

What do esther bonds connect within the DNA structure?

A

Phosphate and sugar groups

56
Q

What do N-glycosidic bonds connect within the DNA structure?

A

Sugar groups and nitrogenous bases.

57
Q

Why are the two strands of DNA anti-parallel to each other?

A

It allows FAITHFUL REPLICATION. It ensures the production of identical genetic materials.

58
Q

How many human DNA are there?

A

46 DNAs

59
Q

This term refers to the abundance of Thymine and Adenine nucleic acids.

A

Tatabox

60
Q

What constitutes Chromatin?

A

DNA plus Proteins

61
Q

This type of DNA groove allow proteins to bind to and recognize DNA sequences from the outside of the helix.

A

Major groove

61
Q

Which of the four types of chromosomes (based on centromere position) is not found in humans?

A

Telocentric Chromosomes.

Molecular Genetics (6 decks)

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