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Molecular Genetics > Module 2 (Molecular Basis of the Cell Cycle) > Flashcards

Module 2 (Molecular Basis of the Cell Cycle) Flashcards

1
Q

This phase of the cell cycle is referred to as the resting stage, not because it is not doing anything, but simply because it is not undergoing cell division. So, during interphase, the cell is busy undergoing synthesis of cellular materials.

A

Interphase

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2
Q

Main function of G2 checkpoint

A

To check if all chromosomes are properly attached to mitotic spindle

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3
Q

This is the phase that occurs immediately after cell division when the daughter cells are half the size of the parent cell

A

Gap 1

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4
Q

During Gap 1, the small daughter cell undergoes synthesis of _________ for growth and normal functioning

A

cytoplasmic materials

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5
Q

Before any cell can undergo reproduction (division), the genetic material must first be replicated to ________ for both daughter cells. What stage of interphase is this?

A

ensure equal genetic material; S-phase

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6
Q

A cell that enters the S phase is committed to _____________

A

completing the cell cycle

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7
Q

During this stage, the cell completes its growth

A

Gap 2 (G2 Phase)

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8
Q

In Gap 2, it’s essential before finally undergoing cell division, the cell must first undergo ___________ for cell division

A

synthesis of materials

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9
Q

State all material synthesised in interphase; per stage.

A

Gap 1:

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9
Q

State all material synthesised in interphase; per stage.

A

Gap 1:

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10
Q

State all material synthesised in interphase; per stage.

A

Gap 1: synthesis of cytoplasmic materials
Gap 2: synthesis of the DNA
Gap 3: synthesis of materials for cell division

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11
Q

After G1, cells that divide slowly or cease dividing enter the what phase instead of the S phase?

A

Gap 0

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12
Q

in G0, the cell is not committed to enter division, thus can perform other functions. Give three.

A
  1. Transmission (neuron)
  2. Storage of Glucose (liver cells)
  3. Secretion (glandular cells)
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13
Q

The M – Phase is the division phase that involves _________ and _______

A

karyokinesis and cytokinesis

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14
Q

What process is the division of nucleus.

A

karyokinesis

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15
Q

What process is the division of cytoplasm.

A

cytokinesis

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16
Q

What are two types of karyokinesis

A

mitosis and meiosis

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17
Q

Type of karyokinesis that occurs in somatic (body) cells

A

Mitosis

18
Q

What are the purposes of mitosis?

A

organismal growth and tissue repair

19
Q

What are the end products of mitosis and their ploidy?

A

two daughter diploid cells

20
Q

In animal cytokinesis, The plasma membrane forms a depression or cleft called _________,

A

cleavage furrow

21
Q

In plant cytokinesis, A network of microtubules and microfilaments form a scaffold at the equatorial plane, called ________ to guide the assembly of vesicles from the Golgi apparatus. The vesicles called ________, contain phospholipids to form the new cell membrane and sugars to form the new ______.The vesicles fuse forming a single _______ that expands until it divides the cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells

A

a. phragmoplast;
b. phragmosomes;
c. cell wall
d.cell plate

22
Q

Meiosis occurs in _________ and is responsible for ________ and ________ of species.

A

a. gametogenic cells;
b. organismal reproduction
c. perpetuation of species

23
Q

Meiosis I is also known as ______ because the chromosome number is reduced from diploid to haploid after this division.

A

a. Reduction Division

24
Q

However, since the sister chromatids are still attached after meiosis 1, meiosis II is required to separate them, thus called _______.

A

Equational Division

25
Q

These are Protein kinases (enzyme) activated by cyclins

A

Cyclin-dependent Kinases (CDKs)

26
Q

Type of cell division cycle (cdc) proteins that bind to CDKs and activate them

A

Cyclins

27
Q

State the cyclins and their corresponding CDKs

A

Cyclin C – binds to CDK3
Cyclin D – binds to CDK4
Cyclin E – binds to CDK2
Cyclin A – binds to CDK2 and CDK1
Cyclin B – binds to CDK1

28
Q

Inhibits CDKs to ensure that they are activated only when needed

A

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs)

28
Q

P21
– inhibits _______
– if the amount of P21 increases, the cell enters ____
– if the amount of P21 decreases, the cell enters the ______

A

a. CDK2
b.G0
c. S-phase and divides

29
Q

Important for separating the chromosomes during anaphase

A

Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C)

30
Q

CDK3-C complex that promotes what?

A

G0/G1 transition

31
Q

Is a transcription factor that is required for the synthesis of cyclin E, a cyclin required
for G1/S transition

A

E2F

32
Q

Explain the transition between G1 to S-phase

A

Cyclin D binds with CDK 4 to form CDK4-D complex that phosphorylates pRB to release E2F, that is need to synthesize Cyclin E, which binds to CDK2 to form CDK2-E complex that promotes transition to S phase

33
Q

Cyclin A binds to CDK2 to form CDK2-A complex that promotes _____DNA Replication. Called the _________. Promotes the degradation of ____-

A
  1. DNA replication
  2. S-phase promoting factor
  3. cyclin E
34
Q

Explain the transition between S to G2 Phase.

A

Cyclin A binds with CDK! to form CDK1-A complex that promotes S-phase to G2 phase, promotes cyclin B synthesis and degradation of Cyclin E.

35
Q

Explain G2/M transition.

A

Cyclin B binds to CDK1 to form CDK!-B complex that promotes G2/M transition, degrades cyclin A, and promotes APC/C—known as the Maturation promoting Factor.

36
Q

Explain Anaphase/G1 Transition

A

APC/C degrades securin to activate separase that allows the separation of sister chromatids. Promoting Anaphase to G1 transition degrades cyclin b, and promotes cyclin C synthesis.

37
Q

A checkpoint protein found in G1 checkpoint

A

found in G1 checkpoint

38
Q

A checkpoint protein found in G1 checkpoint

A

P53

39
Q

How does P53 signal cell cycle arrest?

A

P53 signal P21 to inhibit CDK2 and CDK1, preventing progression of cell cycle

40
Q

How does P53 signal apoptosis?

A

It inhibits Bcl2 to release Bax, which signals the release of Cytochrome C from mitochondria, which binds to Apaf1, forming apoptosome, which binds to caspace 9 to form apoptosome-caspace 9 complex, that interacts with caspace 3 and 7 to promote apoptosis.

41
Q

A checkpoint protein found in G2

A

Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM)

Molecular Genetics (6 decks)

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