Quiz Questions

Question 1

A normal fasting blood glucose is ____________ mg/dL in a healthy individual free of disease.

A. 50-69.9
B. 70-99.9
C. 100-125.9
D. >126

Answer 1

B. 70-99.9

Question 1

The pancreas functions as an ___________ organ when it synthesizes pancreatic amylase, maltase, sucrase, and lactase and releases these enzymes through the pancreatic duct to the duodenum of the small intestine.

A. Exocrine
B. Endocrine

Answer 1

A. Exocrine

Question 2

What hormone helps maintain fasting blood glucose values in humans?

A. Insulin
B. Glycogen synthase
C. Glucagon
D. Testosterone

Answer 2

C. Glucagon

Question 3

That transport protein that moves to the cell membrane following an insulin signaling cascade and allows for glucose to enter into the cell is ____________.

A. GLUT-1
B. GLUT-4
C. GLUT-5
D. SLGT-1

Answer 3

B. GLUT-4

Question 4

What is glycogen? Where and how much glycogen is stored in humans? What enzyme facilitates glycogen storage?

Answer 4

Glycogen is the storage form of glucose which is found only in humans and animals. All together 500 grams of glycogen is stored in the human body. 400 grams in which are stored in muscle, and the remaining 100 grams is stored in the liver. The enzyme that facilities glycogen storage is glycogen synthase.

Question 5

What hormone primarily regulates blood glucose in the post-prandial state? What tissues/organs does this hormone primarily impact to return post-prandial blood glucose to fasting levels and how specifically?

Answer 5

The hormone that regulates blood glucose in the post-prodigal state is insulin, and affects mainly 3 tissues/organs such as the liver by supporting glycogen synthesis, skeletal muscle by supporting glucose use and storage, and adipose tissue which has insulin that decreases blood glucose by stopping the breakdown of fat for energy and supporting glucose uptake/storage as triglycerides = lipogenesis.

Question 6

The lipid that is the major energy source for energy metabolism in humans is _____________.

A. Cholesterol
B. Triglycerides
C. Phospholipids

Answer 6

B. Triglycerides

Question 7

To reduce your risk for heart disease you would want to have a higher level of the lipoprotein _____________.

A. Chylomicrons
B. Very-Low-Density-Lipoprotein
C. Low-Density-Lipoprotein
D. High-Density-Lipoprotein

Answer 7

D. High-Density-Lipoprotein

Question 8

Humans have a much greater capacity to store carbohydrates in the body than triglycerides.

TRUE or FALSE

Answer 8

False

Question 9

In the fasted state, how are stored lipids (in adipose tissue) mobilized so that free fatty acids are available for energy metabolism? Be specific with names and processes of catecholamines and lipases that are necessary for this process.

Answer 9

In a fasted state, stored lipids in the adipose tissue are mobilized so that free fatty acids are available for energy metabolism is due to Hormone Sensitive Lipase that break down the triglycerides in that adipose tissue into fatty acids, to allow move movement onto the blood. What allows the break down of the triglycerides is the catecholamines, epinephrine and non epinephrine that actually active HSL and the break down process begins.

Question 10

Beginning with short-chain fatty acids entering the blood and chylomicrons entering the lymphatic system, discuss the role of lipoproteins (including chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL) for the transport of lipids throughout the body. Be sure to discuss the lipase that is critically important for this process, and include the fate of liberated free fatty acids, chylomicron remnants, VLDL remnants, and cholesterol in your response.

Answer 10

The role of lipoproteins, chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL, to allow transport of lipids throughout the body are that chylomicrons come in contact with lipoprotein lipase that breaks down triglycerides in the chylomicrons into fatty acids and glycerol, allowing energy use or storage. Leftover chylomicrons are stored back into the liver, and turned into very low density lipoprotein, VLDL. VLDL are made in the liver and move lipids away from the liver where it gets broken down by the lipoprotein lipase as well into fatty acids and glycerol for use of storage, and while the triglycerides are removed from the VLDL, the VLDL cells shrink and 2/3 leftover go back to the liver, and 1/3 of them are made into low density lipoproteins, LDL. For LDL to deliver cholesterol, all they need to do is bind to a receptor that lets the whole LDL particle into the cell without having to be broken down. Similar with HDL, as they just pick up cholesterol from other lipoproteins and cells and bring it back to the liver.

Professor Notes:
–> Short chain fatty acids are carried to the liver upon entering the blood Fatty acids can enter into body cells (of the heart, skeletal muscle, mammary tissue, and adipose tissue) and used as energy (or stored. This is known as ‘reverse cholesterol transport’

Question 11

You have a client who runs 8-10 miles everyday that continues to lose skeletal muscle mass. Your client is likely in _________.

A. Nitrogen Balance
B. Negative Nitrogen Balance
C. Positive Nitrogen Balance

Answer 11

B. Negative Nitrogen Balance

Question 12

You are a coach working with a body builder. The body builder continues to increase their skeletal muscle mass. The body builder is likely in _________.

A. Nitrogen Balance
B. Negative Nitrogen Balance
C. Positive Nitrogen Balance

Answer 12

C. Positive Nitrogen Balance

Question 13

___________________ is the process by which an amine group is removed from an amino acid in the liver and urea is formed.

Answer 13

Deamination

Question 14

Proteins are synthesized in the body by the process of transcription and translation.

TRUE or FALSE

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Proteins are different than carbohydrates and lipids because they contain the chemical element ___________.

A. Carbon
B. Oxygen
C. Hydrogen
D. Nitrogen

Answer 15

D. Nitrogen

Question 16

Why could it be a problem that an athlete consumes a protein drink that is made up of amino acids that share the same transport protein for absorption?

Answer 16

• These amino acids that share the same transport protein may compete with one another for absorption
• Excess of any one of the amino acids sharing a transport system can reduce the absorption of other amino acids that share the same transport system

Question 17

List and discuss the four fates of amino acids once they are absorbed in the body. Be specific.

Answer 17

1. They can be used to yield Acetyl-coA which enters the citric acid (Krebs) cycle to form ATP
2. Amino acids can be deaminated to yield intermediates for glucose synthesis. Amino acids can be used to yield Acetyl-coA, and Acetyl-coA can be used to synthesize fatty acids
3. Amino acids can be used to synthesize non-protein molecules containing nitrogen like coenzymes, the heme component of hemoglobin, the heme component of myoglobin, catecholamines, or serotonin

Question 18

GLUT-4 can translocate to the skeletal muscle cell membrane by what two mechanisms – be specific? Why might this cause exercise-induced hypoglycemia if someone consumes a high glycemic index carbohydrate drink/meal in large quantities within 5 minutes of starting endurance exercise? When is it beneficial that these two GLUT-4 translocation mechanisms work together?

Answer 18

GLUT-4 can translocate to the skeletal muscle cell membrane by the two mechanisms of insulin release and muscle contraction in which is insulin independent, meaning that it does not require the use of insulin.

The cause of an exercise induced hypoglycemia if someone consumes a high glycemic index of carbohydrate drinks/meat in large portions before they exercise because this then causes insulin to start secreting from the pancreas which is what causes your glucose to be removed and you blood glucose levels can decrease.

It is beneficial that the two GLUT-4 translocation mechanisms work together when you may be in a fasting state.

This could be beneficial post-exercise to maximize glycogen re-synthesis because there will be​ maximal glucose uptake into skeletal muscle.

Question 19

When does the glucose-alanine cycle make the greatest contribution to exercise energy availability? List 2 types of activities/sports that would likely rely on the glucose-alanine cycle. Discuss the glucose-alanine cycle and be sure to include where/when deamination and transamination occurs.

Answer 19

• The glucose alanine cycle makes the greatest contribution to exercise energy availability is after 4 hours of light exercise and makes up 45% of the liver’s total glucose release. Two sports that would most likely rely on the glucose alanine cycle is maybe walking like hiking and or biking.
• The way that the glucose alanine cycle works is that for glucose resynthesis to occur it has to go into the skeletal muscle to be broken down by anaerobic or aerobic metabolism to be used as an energy source. For anaerobic the end product of glucose is pyruvate which have carbons, oxygens, and hydrogens and then it can leave easily and go into the liver.
• There are other amino acids that can’t leave the muscle well such as leucine so it has no other choice but to trans animate itself and moves its amine group NH2 from itself to another molecule within the cytoplasm of the skeletal muscle. This then forms a new amino acid called alanine which can leave the muscle and go to the liver.
• Once the alanine is in the liver it them deaminates itself and removes NH@ amine group and excretes it as urea and leaves us with just pyruvate. That then gets converted to glucose and then it can go back into the circulation to the muscle and starts all over again.

​- Alanine is synthesized in the skeletal muscle when the amino acid leucine transaminates its amine group (nitrogen) with the glucose intermediate pyruvate

Question 20

What would be your recommendations to an endurance athlete for them to prevent hitting the wall during competition? Give specific recommendations with amounts in your answer. What is the physiological rationale supporting these methods in endurance athletes?

Answer 20

First recommendation-> Must discuss either depletion/repletion technique or modified approach
- - - Depletion/Repletion technique: exhaustive exercise bout à few days low CHO diet an exhaustive exercise bout a high CHO diet
- - - Modified Approach: taper training week before event while increasing % CHO in diet
- - - Physiological rationale supporting glycogen supercompensation: Glycogen supercompensation increases muscle glycogen stores, increase time to exhaustion, reduces time to complete a task, and may improve performance in team sports that involve fine and gross motor skills

Second recommendation –>
- - - Carbohydrate intake during exercise that includes glucose and fructose of 30-60 grams/hour
- - - Physiological rationale supporting CHO intake during exercise: It improves exercise trial time, maintains exercise for longer at a given intensity, is liver and muscle glycogen sparing

Question 21

The “Immediate Phosphagen” bioenergetic system uses what substrate?

A. glycogen/glucose
B. phosphocreatine (PCr)
C. glycogen/glucose, fat, or amino acids

Answer 21

B. phosphocreatine (PCr)

Question 22

The “Anaerobic Glycolytic” bioenergetic system uses what substrate?

A. glycogen/glucose
B. phosphocreatine (PCr)
C. glycogen/glucose, fat, or amino acids

Answer 22

A. glycogen/glucose

Question 23

The “Aerobic Glycolytic” bioenergetic system uses what substrate?

A. glycogen/glucose
B. phosphocreatine (PCr)
C. glycogen/glucose, fat, or amino acids

Answer 23

C. glycogen/glucose, fat, or amino acids

Question 24

The “Immediate Phosphagen” bioenergetic system lasts for how long at maximal pace.

A. 0-30 seconds
B. 20-180 seconds
C. >3 minutes

Answer 24

A. 0-30 seconds

Question 25

The “Anaerobic Glycolytic” bioenergetic system lasts for how long at maximal pace.

A. 0-30 seconds
B. 20-180 seconds
C. >3 minutes

Answer 25

B. 20-180 seconds

Question 26

The “Aerobic Glycolytic” bioenergetic system lasts for how long at maximal pace.

A. 0-30 seconds
B. 20-180 seconds
C. >3 minutes

Answer 26

C. >3 minutes

Question 27

What’s the “Immediate Phosphagen” bioenergetic systems limiting factor?

A. phosphocreatine
B. lactate accumulation
C. glycogen depletion

Answer 27

A. phosphocreatine

Question 28

What’s the “Anaerobic Glycolytic” bioenergetic systems limiting factor?

A. phosphocreatine
B. lactate accumulation
C. glycogen depletion

Answer 28

B. lactate accumulation

Question 29

What’s the “Aerobic Glycolytic” bioenergetic systems limiting factor?

A. phosphocreatine
B. lactate accumulation
C. glycogen depletion

Answer 29

C. glycogen depletion

Question 30

What activity primarily relies on the “Immediate Phosphagen” bioenergetic system?

A. 400 meter sprint
B. throwing shot put
C. running a half marathon

Answer 30

B. throwing shot put

Question 31

What activity primarily relies on the “Anaerobic Glycolytic” bioenergetic system?

A. 400 meter sprint
B. throwing shot put
C. running a half marathon

Answer 31

A. 400 meter sprint

Question 32

What activity primarily relies on the “Aerobic Glycolytic” bioenergetic system?

A. 400 meter sprint
B. throwing shot put
C. running a half marathon

Answer 32

C. running a half marathon

Question 33

ATP synthesis occurs in the Cytosol (cytoplasm) with the immediate phosphates system, Cytosol (cytoplasm) with the anaerobic glycolytic system, and Mitochondria with aerobic metabolism.

Question 34

How is lactate that is produced during anaerobic metabolism removed from the body? What causes lactate accumulation in the blood – in your answer note the typical exercise intensity that this occurs in individuals.

Answer 34

• The way that lactate that is produced during anaerobic metabolism is removed is by three main different ways which includes oxidizing and using lactate as an energy source in the liver, heart and respiratory muscles. The second is the intermuscular lactate shuttle where our type 1 muscle fibers will use lactate as an energy source. Lactate will actually be produced in the type 2 muscle fibers and then moved to the type 1 muscle fibers to be used. IT is used and converted back into pyruvate and then it is converted in acetyl-CoA. The last way that lactate and be removed is by the Cori Cycle.
• The reason why lactate accumulates in the blood is due to high and intense activities which is known as the lactate threshold being the highest oxygen intensity of how much we can exercise.
• Lactate accumulates in the blood during moderate-to-strenuous exercise because at this intensity, pyruvate is converted to lactate (-0.25pts) since the intensity is too high for pyruvate to enter aerobic metabolism (-0.25pts) (aerobic metabolism is too slow as energy demands exceed oxygen supply).

Question 35

Olivia and Anne have the same VO2max (50 mL/kg/min) and they are asked to run a 30 minute trial at 8mph. Olivia’s oxygen consumption during the trial is 38 mL/kg/min and Anne’s oxygen consumption during the trial is 41 mL/kg/min. Who is more economical?

A. Anne
B. Olivia
C. They have the same economy

Answer 35

B. Olivia

Question 36

Which extrinsic factor could give an athlete an economical advantage compared to the other athletes during a marathon in which all runners complete the same course?

A. Course Terrain
B. Air resistance
C. Footwear
D. Amount of downhill running

Answer 36

C. Footwear

Question 37

Swimming in cold water (water below 77 degrees Fahrenheit or 25 degrees Celsius) improves movement economy for swimmers.

TRUE or FALSE

Answer 37

FALSE

Question 38

Females have a greater swimming movement economy than males because they have more fat and are therefore more buoyant.

TRUE or FALSE

Answer 38

False

Question 39

Which form of aerobic activity will have a higher energy cost for an individual?

A. Weight bearing exercise (ex. treadmill walking)
B. Non-weight bearing exercise (ex. elliptical exercise)
C. There is no difference in energy cost between weight bearing and non-weight bearing exercise

Answer 39

A. Weight bearing exercise (ex. treadmill walking)

Question 40

What is “fast component of exercise oxygen consumption”?

Answer 40

The exponential rise in oxygen consumption during the first minutes of exercise

Question 41

What is “oxygen deficit”?

Answer 41

The quantity of oxygen that would have been consumed had oxygen consumption reached steady state immediately

Question 42

What is “steady-rate oxygen consumption?”

Answer 42

Balance between energy required by working muscles and ATP produced in aerobic metabolism

Question 43

What is “excess post-exercise oxygen consumption”?

Answer 43

The total oxygen consumed in recovery minus the total oxygen theoretically consumed at rest

Question 44

What is “movement economy”?

Answer 44

The energy required to maintain a constant velocity or movement

Question 45

Which of the following is not an adaptation to anaerobic exercise training?

A. Increased levels of stored phosphocreatine
B. Increased skeletal muscle glycogen
C. Increased quantity and activity of key enzymes that control aerobic metabolism
D. Increased capacity to generate lactate

Answer 45

C. Increased quantity and activity of key enzymes that control aerobic metabolism

Question 46

An endurance trained athlete takes longer to achieve steady state oxygen consumption than an untrained individual.

TRUE or FALSE

Answer 46

False

Question 47

Higher plasma, “epinephrine/norepinephrine” levels during exercise with training contributes to a greater reduction in circulating “insulin” levels during exercise which helps maintain blood glucose levels.

Question 48

Which scenario would result in an individual beginning exercise with the highest amount of skeletal muscle glycogen levels?

Answer 48

Endurance trained individual following a high CHO diet

Question 49

Endurance training will cause an increase in an athletes intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) stores.

TRUE or FALSE

Answer 49

True

Question 50

What is the crossover concept (1pt)? How does endurance training impact the curve – specifically at a given exercise intensity how does endurance training impact fat oxidation (0.5pts)? Discuss 4 physiological adaptations that contribute to this shift in the curve with training (0.5pts for each). (3.5pts total)

Answer 50

The Crossover Concept is the theoretical means to help us understand the affects of what exercise can do while balancing carbohydrates and lipid metabolism while doing and engaging in exercise over a long period of time.

Endurance training impacts the crossover curve especially at a specific exercise intensity, which impacts and triggers fat oxidation that allows for more fat stores to be used as an energy source instead of carbohydrates. This is because fat stores enable the athlete to continue in what ever exercise they are engaging in, by decreasing the amount of time it takes for them to get tired during a more intense submaximal work out. This way they can do their exercises for longer than they could have if they were using energy from carbohydrates.

The four physiological adaptations that contribute to this shift in the curve in training are that there is an increase in fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue and an increase of norepinephrine and epinephrine levels which activate hormone sensitive lipase to break down triglycerides and adipose tissue to release fatty acids in glycerol to enter circulation to eventually to skeletal muscle to be used as an energy source. A second adaptation is the increase of number and density of capillaries in your trained skeletal muscle that allows more glucose and fat to get transported to our working muscles. A third adaption is an increase in transport of free fatty acids from the muscle fiber across the muscle fiber plasma membrane. A fourth adaptation is an increase in fatty acid transportation inside the skeletal muscle and the greater ability to take the fatty acids in the skeletal muscle and deliver it to the mitochondria for aerobic metabolism.

Question 51

How does endurance exercise training impact the rate of lactate appearance in the blood (0.5pts) and what are two physiological adaptation that contributes to this (0.5pts for each)? (1.5pts total)

Answer 51

Endurance exercise training impacts the rate of lactate appearance in the blood because trained skeletal muscle has a greater capacity and ability to oxidize carbs during intense exercise. This causes lower blood lactate levels which is beneficial because once you start to develop lactate in your blood, that is when you start to get tired when you are working out and the two physiological adaptations responsible are ..
–> The physiological adaptations that contribute to this are an increase in size and number of mitochondria AND as well as an increase in quantity of enzymes involved in β-oxidation, citric acid cycle metabolism, and electron transport chain (aerobic metabolism)