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KINES 350 > Lipids, Triglycerides, Phospholipids and Sterols > Flashcards

Lipids, Triglycerides, Phospholipids and Sterols Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for lipids?

A

Fat

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2
Q

What kind of fat are lipids?

A

Dietary fat that we consume in our diet
–> Contribute to food flavor, texture, aromas
–> Types we eat can affect our health

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3
Q

What are the ideal cellular fuel?

A

Lipids, because fat have the highest energy content of all macronutrients

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4
Q

LIPIDS
1. 9 kcal/gram
2. Transports and stores easily
3. Adipose cells can enlarge and shrink to the amount of fat we have available and want to store
4. The most plentiful energy source in our body (can store 12,000g )
5. Absorb fat soluble vitamins
6. Insulation for temp. reg.
7. Cushion internal organs
8. Lubricate skin to avoid dry damaged skin
9. Phospholipids and cholesterol (found in steroid hormones) are important for cell membranes
—–> Cholesterol helps make myelin sheaths in the nerve cells to help with quick transmission

A
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5
Q

What are the 3 different types of lipids?

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Sterols
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6
Q

What are “triglycerides”?

A

-Lipid
Normally known as fat (90% of fat is made up of tri.)
- MAIN energy source for energy metabolism

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7
Q

What is the main energy source for energy metabolism?

A
  • Triglycerides
  • Fatty acids provide most of the energy stored in triglycerides (glycerol gives us a little bit of energy, but fatty produces more)
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8
Q

Humans have a greater capacity yo store triglycerides vs. carbs.

TRUE or FALSE

A

True

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9
Q

Triglycerides are made up of how many glycerol’s and how many fatty acids?

A
  • 1 glycerol
  • 3 fatty acids
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10
Q

Fatty acids can be short chained with how many carbons?

A

4-7 carbons

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11
Q

Fatty acids can be medium chained with how many carbons?

A

8-12

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12
Q

Fatty acids can be long chained with how many carbons?

A

12

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of triglycerides/fatty acids?

A
  1. Saturated
  2. Unsaturated
  3. Trans Fatty Acids = man made
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14
Q

Saturated fatty acids …

A

Each carbon are saturated with 2 hydrogen atoms with a single bond between each carbon atom

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15
Q

Where are saturated fatty acids found mostly?

A
  1. In plant and animal sources (coconut oil, animal products and any animal product is going to have cholesterol)
  2. In animal products(meat) that are stored at animal temp., butter, cheese, dairy
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16
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids …

A

Have at least 1 double bond between carbons
- because of this they are not fully saturated

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17
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids have monosaccharides and polysaccharides.

A
  • Mono. = 1 double bone
  • Poly. = 2 or more double bond along carbon chain
    –> Because of the double bonds, they do not stack as well as the saturated and are liquid at room temperature (olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil)
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18
Q

What are trans fatty acids?

A

Are unsaturated fatty acids that have been partially saturated with hydrogen to extend shelf life of the fatty acid
–>Force hydrogen onto double carbon = Hydrogenation

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19
Q

What are “phospholipids”?

A
  • Lipid
    Two fatty acids (short medium or long), glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group
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20
Q

What is the phosphorus atom?

A

In all living cells but not alone and allows to become an emulsifier which allows water and fat to mix together = allows to transport fats in the blood

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21
Q

What is an emulsifier? What does it do?

A

Allows water and fat to mix together
–> allows to transport fats in the blood
- egg yolks, salad dressing

22
Q

What are “sterols”?

A

-Lipid
- are multiple chemical rings attached together
- any 4 interconnected carbon rings forming the backbone structure

23
Q

What are plant sterols? What do they do?

A

Help form cell membrane of plants
–> can consume it and it helps reduce cholesterol levels in our body
–> Peanuts, veggie oils, brussel sprouts

24
Q

What are animal sterols? What do they do?

A

Cholesterol that is made in the liver, therefore it is nonessential

  • is a dietary cholesterol, that we consume and is in our bodies
  • is only found in animal sources
  • 90% of cholesterol in our bodies is used to make.. not necessary to consume
25
Q

90% of cholesterol in our bodies is used to make.. not necessary to consume

A
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Myelin sheaths
  3. Vitamin D
  4. Bile acids: liver, gallbladder
  5. Hormones: cortisol, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
26
Q

What are the 3 lipid recommendations?

A
  1. AMDR for lipids
  2. Limit saturated fat intake to <10% of total calories because high levels are related to cardiovascular/heart disease
  3. minimize trans fat intake
27
Q

What is the recommended AMDR for lipids?

A

20-35 of total calories intake to decrease chronic disease

28
Q

What are AMDR’s?

A

Accessible macronutrients distribution rage

29
Q

Where does lipid digestion and absorption start?

A

Mouth via mechanical and chemical digestion

30
Q

What is lingual lipase? Where is it made?

A

Breaks down medium and long chain triglycerides into particular glycerides and free fatty acids (FFA)

  • in the serous glands of tongue found in saliva and mixes with food
31
Q

What is gastric lipase? Where is it made?

A

Acidic enzyme that breaks down triglycerides to diglycerides, monoglycerides and free fatty acids

  • Is produced in the chief cells of the fundic mucosa of stomach (largest part/body)

-Has pH range where it is most active in(stomach is acidic due to hydrochloric acid: maximal effectiveness/activity and pH between 4.5-5.5 then decreases when pH is greater than 6.5

32
Q

After chyme goes from mouth to stomach, liver, and gallbladder where does it go?

A

Small intestine

33
Q

After chyme makes it to the small intestine, what does the liver and gallbladder do?

A
  1. liver makes bile
  2. gallbladder stores/makes bile which is made up by cholesterol
34
Q

Emulsifiers called pancreatic lipases, in the liver and lifer do what?

A

Break up fat droplets increasing surface area so lipases can access molecules and complete digestion

35
Q

After bile reaches the stomach and liver where does it go?

A

Small intestine

36
Q

In the small intestine, bile mixes with what?

A

Fat and works as the emulsifier = Pancreatic lipases

37
Q

What is pancreatic lipase?

A

An ezyme produced in the pancreas and released in the pancreas and released into the small intestine to break down triglycerides into mono, fatty acids, and glycerol and then those 3 enter the mucosal cell of the small intestine

38
Q

Micelles monoglycerides, and fatty acids diffuse into the mucosal cell of the small intestine.

A

–> Short chain fatty acids exit cell and enter the blood
1.They are then carried to the live via the hepatic portal vein
2.Liver (gate keeper) determines whether the fatty acids are stored or delivered to cells for usage based on the body’s needs
—–Fatty acids 4-7 carbons and that allows them to be water soluble they can enter capillaries easily

–> Long chain fatty acids and monoglycerides are reassembled back into triglycerides in the mucosal cell of small intestine
1. Tris. are packed w/ phospholipids, protein, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins to form a lipoprotein called chylomicrons that allows transportation
—– Enter the lymphatic system
———-Tris. are large
———-A type of protein is the chylomicron: transports lipids from mucosal cell to liver, to other body cells
———-To get into body they go through lymphatic system because so big

39
Q

Lipoprotein structure ..

A
  • Phospholipids have phosphate head
  • Fatty acid tail
40
Q

The head of a phospholipid is towards the …

A
  • Outside
41
Q

The tail of a phospholipid is towards the …

A

Inside when that fat is (soluble) anything fat related is in the inside of the lipoprotein

42
Q

4 types of lipoproteins

A
  1. Chylomicron
  2. VLDL
  3. LDL
  4. HDL
43
Q

What lipoprotein has the largest number of triglycerides?

A

Chylomicron

44
Q

Chylomicrons ….

A
  1. Enter the body in the lymphatic system

2.Eventually enters the blood stream at the left subclavian vein

  1. Lipoprotein lipase (enzyme present on the surface of endothelial cells lining the blood vessels) breaks down the tris. in the chylomicrons to fatty acids and glycerol
    –> Fatty acids can enter the body and be used as energy or stored in the heart, skeletal mus., mammary tissue, adipose
  2. Leftover chylo. (cholesterol & protein) travels to the liver
    –> Once in the liver, it will synthesize very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
45
Q

VLDL, very low-density lipoproteins are …

A

Low density and synthesized in liver but still have a lot of tris.
–> Synthesized in liver and transport lipids away from the liver

–> Lipoprotein lipase breaks down the triglycerides in VLDL to fatty acids and glycerol to be used or stored by the body’s cells

–> As tris. are removed form VLDL, they shrink to denser smaller particles

——2/3 leftover particles circulate back to the liver
—–1/3 transformed in the blood to low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

46
Q

LDL, low density lipoproteins are…

A
  1. Refereed as to “bad cholesterol”, but we still need to to deliver cholesterol
    –> Deliver cholesterol to the cells
    –>Have little other content
    –>High levels of LDL in blood is associated with an increased risk of heart disease
  2. To deliver cholesterol, LDL binds to a receptor that allows for the whole LDL particle to enter the cell
  • high amount of cholesterol (normal is >130)
47
Q

HDL, high density lipoproteins …

A

Has the highest amount of protein
- it picks up cholesterol from other lipoproteins and body cells and returns it to the liver
—> reverse cholesterol transport
—> referred to as “good cholesterol”
–> high levels of HDL in the blood are associated with lower risk of heart disease

48
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

Break down of triglycerides and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids

49
Q

What is hormone sensitive lipase?

A

Primary action is to break down tri. stored in adipose tissue to increase circulating fatty acids and glycerol in the blood for uptake by tissues
–> fatty acids and glycerol to diffuse form the adipocyte into circulation
–> plays a pivotal role in providing the major energy source of energy (lipids) for most tissues

50
Q

When and where does hormone sensitive lipase occur?

A

Happens in the festive state or increase need for ATP synthesize (exercise)
- interstellar, adipose

KINES 350 (9 decks)

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