Quiz One Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two different research methods?
A
Qualitative and Quantitative
2
Q
Experimental, Quasi-experimental, single-subject/case, survey, and psychometrics are all examples of what?
A
Research design
3
Q
What are the two purposes of research?
A
Basic and Applied
4
Q
What are two important aspects of quantitative research?
A
- Emphasis on objectivity
2. Generalizability to larger populations
5
Q
What are the five characteristics of research?
A
- Rigor
- Skepticism
- Empiricism
- Logic
- Communality
6
Q
Which three things does a quantitative study need?
A
Manipulation
Control
Randomization
7
Q
Name five different controls
A
Alternative Intervention Placebo Standard methods of care Different doses/intensities Wait-list
8
Q
Randomization can occur in two ways. Name them.
A
- Random sample
2. Random assignment
9
Q
Identify:
R X O1
R O1
A
Basic Post-test only design
10
Q
What is a basic post-test design typically used for?
A
Comparing different outcomes
Common in pilot studies
11
Q
Identify:
R O1 X O2 O3
R O1 O2 O3
A
Basic pre and post test design with follow up test
12
Q
Identify:
R) 01 XA O2
R) 01 XB O2
R) O1 O2
A
Multiple interventions
13
Q
Identify:
R) O1 X O2 O3
R) O1 O2 X O3
A
Waitlist or delayed tx.
14
Q
Identify: and when is this useful?
R) O1 XA O2 XB O3
R) O1 XB O2 XA 03
A
Cross over design
Useful when recruitment is difficult
15
Q
How many phases are in a full clinical trial?
A
4
16
Q
Truncation
A
Broadens search to include multiple forms of a word
17
Q
Which phase does this belong?
Small scale studies using simple designs
A
Phase 1
18
Q
Products of Lit Reviews
A
Introduction/Background
Narrative review on a topic
Scoping review
Systematic review or meta-analysis
19
Q
PICO
A
P: population/problem
I: intervention
C: comparison
O: outcomes
20
Q
Boolean AND/OR/NOT
A
AND: Match specific text of both search terms
OR: Match specific text of either search term
NOT: Match only specific text of one of search term
21
Q
What’s nesting?
A
Allows Boolean search terms to be combined with each other in a search query
i.e. ((cats OR dogs) AND pets) AND health
22
Q
Truncation
A
Broadens search to include multiple forms of a word
23
Q
In which phase does this belong?
Designed for safety and tolerance/optimal dose
A
Phase 1
24
Q
In which phase does this belong?
Preliminary evidence of treatment
A
Phase 2
25
In which phase does this belong?
Assess feasibility of launching rigorous test
Phase 2
26
In which phase does this belong?
Pilot test of treatment
PHase 2
27
In which phase does this belong?
Full test of treatment
Phase 3
28
In which phase does this belong?
RCT standard design used
Phase 3
29
In which phase does this belong?
Develop evidence about tx. efficacy
Phase 3
30
In which phase does this belong?
Effectiveness of intervention on general population
Phase 4
31
In which phase does this belong?
Focus on post-approval safety surveillance
Phase 4
32
In which phase does this belong?
Focus on long-term consequences over larger population
Phase 4
33
Goals of a Lit Review
1. Have thorough understanding of topic
2. Convey the breadth of a field as context for your work
3. Create new knowledge through comparison and analysis of existing studies
34
Products of Lit Reviews
Introduction/Background
Narrative review on a topic
Scoping review
Systematic review or meta-analysis
35
Which non-experimental research design?
phenomenon existed in present is linked to past,
begins with dependent variable and examines relationship with independent variable
Retrospective
Example: Increased risk of death with chemical exposure
Look at some dead, and some not factory workers and look back to see exposure rates correlate with deaths
36
PICO
P: population/problem
I: intervention
C: comparison
O: outcomes
37
Which non-experimental research design?
Start with presumed cause and then go forward to presumed effect
Considered stronger than retrospective designs
Prospective
Example: Looking for cancer in Nurses
They collected BMI data on non-cancered nurses and compared to see if a larger BMI is correlated with cancer
38
What is the Hawthorne Effect?
When participants change their behavior because they are aware people are watching.
39
What are three strengths to experimental design?
1. Strongest evidence for intervention effects
2. Least bias
3. Causal relationships
40
Identify:
O1 X O2
01 X02
Non-equivalent control group pre-post test
41
How to formulate a search strategy
1. Start broad --> narrow
2. Keep concepts separate
3. Mix of keywords and subject headings
4. Boolean operators to combine concepts
5. Employ limits and filters
42
Identify:\
X O1
O1
Post Test
43
Identify:
O1 X O2
One group pre-post test
44
Identify:
O1 O2 O3 X O4 O5 O6
Time series
45
Identify:
O1 O2 O3 X O4 O5 O6
O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6
Time series nonequivalent control groups
46
Name 2 weaknesses of a quasi-experimental design
1. cause and effect inferences are less compelling
| 2. Considered weaker designs
47
Name 2 strengths of a quasi-experimental design
1. More practical for clinical settings
| 2. More acceptable to participants
48
Relationship, association, are words associated with which non-experimental design?
Correlational
49
Which non-experimental research design?
phenomenon existed in present is linked to past,
begins with dependent variable and examines relationship with independent variable
Retrospective
50
Which non-experimental research design?
Data on both variables collected at one point in time
Not considered a design, but a method of data collectioni
Cross-sectional
51
Which non-experimental research design?
Start with presumed cause and then go forward to presumed effect
Considered stronger than retrospective designs
Prospective
52
Which non-experimental research design?
Observe, describe, and document aspects of naturally occurring incidences
Starting point for hypothesis generation
Two different types: Univariate and correlational
Descriptive nonexperimental research
53
Incidence and Prevelance studies are considered which kind of descriptive research?
Univariate
54
_______ is proportion of total population who have a particular health related condition
Prevalence
55
_______ is how many persons have onset of a conditon over a given time span
Incidence
56
Name three weaknesses of correlational research?
Considered the weakest research design
No causal inferences can be made
selection Bias (selecting a population that isn't a true representation)
57
Name three strengths of correlational research design
Efficient way to collect large amounts of data
Plays a role in developing evidence for casual inference later
strong in realism
58
Which qualitative design does this describe?
Involves description and interpretation of cultural behavior
seek to understand the member's world view
Extensive fieldwork
Ethnography
59
Which qualitative design does this describe?
To understand people's everyday lived experience
useful when a phenomenon has been poorly defined or conceptualized
In-depth conversation with informants to gain access to their world and lived experiences
Reflexive journal
Phenonmenology
60
Which qualitative design does this describe?
Seeks to discover the main concern adn basic social process of how poeple resolve that concern
Develop a theory to explain a basic social process grounded in data
In-depth interviews and observations are used and categorized
Grounded theory
61
Which qualitative design does this describe?
Systematic collection, critical evaluation and interpretation of historical evidence
Historical Research
62
Which qualitative design does this describe?
The story is the focus of inquiry
Narrative Analysis
63
Which qualitative design does this describe?
Integrate theory and practice such that people become aware of contradictions and disparities in their beliefs an social practice
Critical Theory
64
Which qualitative design does this describe?
Researchers and participants collaborate in reserach process
Aim is to produce action AND knowledge and counsciousness raising
Participatory Action Research
65
in a remote Aboriginal Australian community is the work to support a men's self help group to plan, implement, and evaluate their activities. With support from the research team community members are acting as researchers exploring priority issues affecting their lives, recognising their resources, producing knowledge, and taking action to improve their situation. The ongoing process of reflection and action, which incorporates participant observation, informal discussions, in‐depth interviews, and a “feedback box”, is viewed by the participants as contributing to their self reported increased sense of self awareness, self confidence, and hope for the future.
Participatory Action Research
66
The teacher shows the students a series of slides of artists' works. After each slide, the teacher asks: "Simply from looking at the slide, can you predict if this is the work of a male artist, a female artist, or is this an impossible task?" The students write their responses and write a brief explanation regarding their decision. Often, the students will predict the gender of the artist. The teacher then encourages the students to identify what element(s) of the work influenced their decision. The teacher can relate this discussion to common stereotypes relating to gender roles (i.e. only females paint with pink, only males draw dark or ominous scenes).
The teacher encourages students to identify their own biases regarding gender role expectations as they relate to artistic expression.
Critical theory
67
in my study, the main concern of learners is finding the time to study and temporal integration is the core category which explains how the concern is resolved or processed. That is: Jugglers and Strugglers employ successful temporal integration strategies enabling them to study whilst Fade-aways and Leavers are less successful in devising and adopting temporal integration strategies. Understanding how temporal integration does or does not happen has implications for learning design and learner persistence.
Grounded Theory
68
Ethan is a psychologist who is interested in studying how families of autistic children cope with the difficult news that their child has autism. Do they feel angry? Scared? Do they turn to family for support or to medical professionals? Do they seek out parents of other autistic children to help them through it?
Phenomenology
