Quiz One Flashcards by liz souza | Brainscape

Q

What are the two different research methods?

A

Qualitative and Quantitative

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Q

Experimental, Quasi-experimental, single-subject/case, survey, and psychometrics are all examples of what?

A

Research design

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Q

What are the two purposes of research?

A

Basic and Applied

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Q

What are two important aspects of quantitative research?

A

Emphasis on objectivity

2. Generalizability to larger populations

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Q

What are the five characteristics of research?

A

Rigor
Skepticism
Empiricism
Logic
Communality

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Q

Which three things does a quantitative study need?

A

Manipulation
Control
Randomization

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Q

Name five different controls

A

Alternative Intervention
Placebo
Standard methods of care
Different doses/intensities
Wait-list

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Q

Randomization can occur in two ways. Name them.

A

Random sample

2. Random assignment

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Q

Identify:

R X O1
R O1

A

Basic Post-test only design

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Q

What is a basic post-test design typically used for?

A

Comparing different outcomes

Common in pilot studies

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Q

Identify:
R O1 X O2 O3
R O1 O2 O3

A

Basic pre and post test design with follow up test

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Q

Identify:
R) 01 XA O2
R) 01 XB O2
R) O1 O2

A

Multiple interventions

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Q

Identify:

R) O1 X O2 O3
R) O1 O2 X O3

A

Waitlist or delayed tx.

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Q

Identify: and when is this useful?
R) O1 XA O2 XB O3
R) O1 XB O2 XA 03

A

Cross over design

Useful when recruitment is difficult

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Q

How many phases are in a full clinical trial?

A

4

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Q

Truncation

A

Broadens search to include multiple forms of a word

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Q

Which phase does this belong?

Small scale studies using simple designs

A

Phase 1

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Q

Products of Lit Reviews

A

Introduction/Background
Narrative review on a topic
Scoping review
Systematic review or meta-analysis

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Q

PICO

A

P: population/problem
I: intervention
C: comparison
O: outcomes

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Q

Boolean AND/OR/NOT

A

AND: Match specific text of both search terms
OR: Match specific text of either search term
NOT: Match only specific text of one of search term

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Q

What’s nesting?

A

Allows Boolean search terms to be combined with each other in a search query
i.e. ((cats OR dogs) AND pets) AND health

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Q

Truncation

A

Broadens search to include multiple forms of a word

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Q

In which phase does this belong?

Designed for safety and tolerance/optimal dose

A

Phase 1

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Q

In which phase does this belong?

Preliminary evidence of treatment

A

Phase 2

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Q

In which phase does this belong?

Assess feasibility of launching rigorous test

A

Phase 2

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Q

In which phase does this belong?

Pilot test of treatment

A

PHase 2

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Q

In which phase does this belong?

Full test of treatment

A

Phase 3

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Q

In which phase does this belong?

RCT standard design used

A

Phase 3

Q

In which phase does this belong?

Develop evidence about tx. efficacy

A

Phase 3

Q

In which phase does this belong?

Effectiveness of intervention on general population

A

Phase 4

Q

In which phase does this belong?

Focus on post-approval safety surveillance

A

Phase 4

Q

In which phase does this belong?

Focus on long-term consequences over larger population

A

Phase 4

Q

Goals of a Lit Review

A

Have thorough understanding of topic
Convey the breadth of a field as context for your work
Create new knowledge through comparison and analysis of existing studies

Q

Products of Lit Reviews

A

Introduction/Background
Narrative review on a topic
Scoping review
Systematic review or meta-analysis

Q

Which non-experimental research design?

phenomenon existed in present is linked to past,
begins with dependent variable and examines relationship with independent variable

A

Retrospective

Example: Increased risk of death with chemical exposure
Look at some dead, and some not factory workers and look back to see exposure rates correlate with deaths

Q

PICO

A

P: population/problem
I: intervention
C: comparison
O: outcomes

Q

Which non-experimental research design?

Start with presumed cause and then go forward to presumed effect
Considered stronger than retrospective designs

A

Prospective

Example: Looking for cancer in Nurses

They collected BMI data on non-cancered nurses and compared to see if a larger BMI is correlated with cancer

Q

What is the Hawthorne Effect?

A

When participants change their behavior because they are aware people are watching.

Q

What are three strengths to experimental design?

A

Strongest evidence for intervention effects
Least bias
Causal relationships

Q

Identify:

O1 X O2
01 X02

A

Non-equivalent control group pre-post test

Q

How to formulate a search strategy

A

Start broad –> narrow
Keep concepts separate
Mix of keywords and subject headings
Boolean operators to combine concepts
Employ limits and filters

Q

Identify:\

X O1
O1

A

Post Test

Q

Identify:

O1 X O2

A

One group pre-post test

Q

Identify:

O1 O2 O3 X O4 O5 O6

A

Time series

Q

Identify:

O1 O2 O3 X O4 O5 O6
O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6

A

Time series nonequivalent control groups

Q

Name 2 weaknesses of a quasi-experimental design

A

cause and effect inferences are less compelling

2. Considered weaker designs

Q

Name 2 strengths of a quasi-experimental design

A

More practical for clinical settings

2. More acceptable to participants

Q

Relationship, association, are words associated with which non-experimental design?

A

Correlational

Q

Which non-experimental research design?

phenomenon existed in present is linked to past,
begins with dependent variable and examines relationship with independent variable

A

Retrospective

Q

Which non-experimental research design?

Data on both variables collected at one point in time
Not considered a design, but a method of data collectioni

A

Cross-sectional

Q

Which non-experimental research design?

Start with presumed cause and then go forward to presumed effect
Considered stronger than retrospective designs

A

Prospective

Q

Which non-experimental research design?

Observe, describe, and document aspects of naturally occurring incidences

Starting point for hypothesis generation

Two different types: Univariate and correlational

A

Descriptive nonexperimental research

Q

Incidence and Prevelance studies are considered which kind of descriptive research?

A

Univariate

Q

_______ is proportion of total population who have a particular health related condition

A

Prevalence

Q

_______ is how many persons have onset of a conditon over a given time span

A

Incidence

Q

Name three weaknesses of correlational research?

A

Considered the weakest research design
No causal inferences can be made
selection Bias (selecting a population that isn’t a true representation)

Q

Name three strengths of correlational research design

A

Efficient way to collect large amounts of data
Plays a role in developing evidence for casual inference later
strong in realism

Q

Which qualitative design does this describe?

Involves description and interpretation of cultural behavior
seek to understand the member’s world view

Extensive fieldwork

A

Ethnography

Q

Which qualitative design does this describe?
To understand people’s everyday lived experience
useful when a phenomenon has been poorly defined or conceptualized
In-depth conversation with informants to gain access to their world and lived experiences
Reflexive journal

A

Phenonmenology

Q

Which qualitative design does this describe?

Seeks to discover the main concern adn basic social process of how poeple resolve that concern

Develop a theory to explain a basic social process grounded in data

In-depth interviews and observations are used and categorized

A

Grounded theory

Q

Which qualitative design does this describe?

Systematic collection, critical evaluation and interpretation of historical evidence

A

Historical Research

Q

Which qualitative design does this describe?

The story is the focus of inquiry

A

Narrative Analysis

Q

Which qualitative design does this describe?

Integrate theory and practice such that people become aware of contradictions and disparities in their beliefs an social practice

A

Critical Theory

Q

Which qualitative design does this describe?

Researchers and participants collaborate in reserach process

Aim is to produce action AND knowledge and counsciousness raising

A

Participatory Action Research

Q

in a remote Aboriginal Australian community is the work to support a men’s self help group to plan, implement, and evaluate their activities. With support from the research team community members are acting as researchers exploring priority issues affecting their lives, recognising their resources, producing knowledge, and taking action to improve their situation. The ongoing process of reflection and action, which incorporates participant observation, informal discussions, in‐depth interviews, and a “feedback box”, is viewed by the participants as contributing to their self reported increased sense of self awareness, self confidence, and hope for the future.

A

Participatory Action Research

Q

The teacher shows the students a series of slides of artists’ works. After each slide, the teacher asks: “Simply from looking at the slide, can you predict if this is the work of a male artist, a female artist, or is this an impossible task?” The students write their responses and write a brief explanation regarding their decision. Often, the students will predict the gender of the artist. The teacher then encourages the students to identify what element(s) of the work influenced their decision. The teacher can relate this discussion to common stereotypes relating to gender roles (i.e. only females paint with pink, only males draw dark or ominous scenes).
The teacher encourages students to identify their own biases regarding gender role expectations as they relate to artistic expression.

A

Critical theory

Q

in my study, the main concern of learners is finding the time to study and temporal integration is the core category which explains how the concern is resolved or processed. That is: Jugglers and Strugglers employ successful temporal integration strategies enabling them to study whilst Fade-aways and Leavers are less successful in devising and adopting temporal integration strategies. Understanding how temporal integration does or does not happen has implications for learning design and learner persistence.

A

Grounded Theory

Q

Ethan is a psychologist who is interested in studying how families of autistic children cope with the difficult news that their child has autism. Do they feel angry? Scared? Do they turn to family for support or to medical professionals? Do they seek out parents of other autistic children to help them through it?

A

Phenomenology