Quiz One Flashcards
What are the two different research methods?
Qualitative and Quantitative
Experimental, Quasi-experimental, single-subject/case, survey, and psychometrics are all examples of what?
Research design
What are the two purposes of research?
Basic and Applied
What are two important aspects of quantitative research?
- Emphasis on objectivity
2. Generalizability to larger populations
What are the five characteristics of research?
- Rigor
- Skepticism
- Empiricism
- Logic
- Communality
Which three things does a quantitative study need?
Manipulation
Control
Randomization
Name five different controls
Alternative Intervention Placebo Standard methods of care Different doses/intensities Wait-list
Randomization can occur in two ways. Name them.
- Random sample
2. Random assignment
Identify:
R X O1
R O1
Basic Post-test only design
What is a basic post-test design typically used for?
Comparing different outcomes
Common in pilot studies
Identify:
R O1 X O2 O3
R O1 O2 O3
Basic pre and post test design with follow up test
Identify:
R) 01 XA O2
R) 01 XB O2
R) O1 O2
Multiple interventions
Identify:
R) O1 X O2 O3
R) O1 O2 X O3
Waitlist or delayed tx.
Identify: and when is this useful?
R) O1 XA O2 XB O3
R) O1 XB O2 XA 03
Cross over design
Useful when recruitment is difficult
How many phases are in a full clinical trial?
4
Truncation
Broadens search to include multiple forms of a word
Which phase does this belong?
Small scale studies using simple designs
Phase 1
Products of Lit Reviews
Introduction/Background
Narrative review on a topic
Scoping review
Systematic review or meta-analysis
PICO
P: population/problem
I: intervention
C: comparison
O: outcomes
Boolean AND/OR/NOT
AND: Match specific text of both search terms
OR: Match specific text of either search term
NOT: Match only specific text of one of search term
What’s nesting?
Allows Boolean search terms to be combined with each other in a search query
i.e. ((cats OR dogs) AND pets) AND health
Truncation
Broadens search to include multiple forms of a word
In which phase does this belong?
Designed for safety and tolerance/optimal dose
Phase 1
In which phase does this belong?
Preliminary evidence of treatment
Phase 2
In which phase does this belong?
Assess feasibility of launching rigorous test
Phase 2
In which phase does this belong?
Pilot test of treatment
PHase 2
In which phase does this belong?
Full test of treatment
Phase 3
In which phase does this belong?
RCT standard design used
Phase 3
In which phase does this belong?
Develop evidence about tx. efficacy
Phase 3
In which phase does this belong?
Effectiveness of intervention on general population
Phase 4
In which phase does this belong?
Focus on post-approval safety surveillance
Phase 4
In which phase does this belong?
Focus on long-term consequences over larger population
Phase 4
Goals of a Lit Review
- Have thorough understanding of topic
- Convey the breadth of a field as context for your work
- Create new knowledge through comparison and analysis of existing studies
Products of Lit Reviews
Introduction/Background
Narrative review on a topic
Scoping review
Systematic review or meta-analysis
Which non-experimental research design?
phenomenon existed in present is linked to past,
begins with dependent variable and examines relationship with independent variable
Retrospective
Example: Increased risk of death with chemical exposure
Look at some dead, and some not factory workers and look back to see exposure rates correlate with deaths
PICO
P: population/problem
I: intervention
C: comparison
O: outcomes
Which non-experimental research design?
Start with presumed cause and then go forward to presumed effect
Considered stronger than retrospective designs
Prospective
Example: Looking for cancer in Nurses
They collected BMI data on non-cancered nurses and compared to see if a larger BMI is correlated with cancer
What is the Hawthorne Effect?
When participants change their behavior because they are aware people are watching.
What are three strengths to experimental design?
- Strongest evidence for intervention effects
- Least bias
- Causal relationships
Identify:
O1 X O2
01 X02
Non-equivalent control group pre-post test
How to formulate a search strategy
- Start broad –> narrow
- Keep concepts separate
- Mix of keywords and subject headings
- Boolean operators to combine concepts
- Employ limits and filters
Identify:\
X O1
O1
Post Test
Identify:
O1 X O2
One group pre-post test
Identify:
O1 O2 O3 X O4 O5 O6
Time series
Identify:
O1 O2 O3 X O4 O5 O6
O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6
Time series nonequivalent control groups
Name 2 weaknesses of a quasi-experimental design
- cause and effect inferences are less compelling
2. Considered weaker designs
Name 2 strengths of a quasi-experimental design
- More practical for clinical settings
2. More acceptable to participants
Relationship, association, are words associated with which non-experimental design?
Correlational
Which non-experimental research design?
phenomenon existed in present is linked to past,
begins with dependent variable and examines relationship with independent variable
Retrospective
Which non-experimental research design?
Data on both variables collected at one point in time
Not considered a design, but a method of data collectioni
Cross-sectional
Which non-experimental research design?
Start with presumed cause and then go forward to presumed effect
Considered stronger than retrospective designs
Prospective
Which non-experimental research design?
Observe, describe, and document aspects of naturally occurring incidences
Starting point for hypothesis generation
Two different types: Univariate and correlational
Descriptive nonexperimental research
Incidence and Prevelance studies are considered which kind of descriptive research?
Univariate
_______ is proportion of total population who have a particular health related condition
Prevalence
_______ is how many persons have onset of a conditon over a given time span
Incidence
Name three weaknesses of correlational research?
Considered the weakest research design
No causal inferences can be made
selection Bias (selecting a population that isn’t a true representation)
Name three strengths of correlational research design
Efficient way to collect large amounts of data
Plays a role in developing evidence for casual inference later
strong in realism
Which qualitative design does this describe?
Involves description and interpretation of cultural behavior
seek to understand the member’s world view
Extensive fieldwork
Ethnography
Which qualitative design does this describe?
To understand people’s everyday lived experience
useful when a phenomenon has been poorly defined or conceptualized
In-depth conversation with informants to gain access to their world and lived experiences
Reflexive journal
Phenonmenology
Which qualitative design does this describe?
Seeks to discover the main concern adn basic social process of how poeple resolve that concern
Develop a theory to explain a basic social process grounded in data
In-depth interviews and observations are used and categorized
Grounded theory
Which qualitative design does this describe?
Systematic collection, critical evaluation and interpretation of historical evidence
Historical Research
Which qualitative design does this describe?
The story is the focus of inquiry
Narrative Analysis
Which qualitative design does this describe?
Integrate theory and practice such that people become aware of contradictions and disparities in their beliefs an social practice
Critical Theory
Which qualitative design does this describe?
Researchers and participants collaborate in reserach process
Aim is to produce action AND knowledge and counsciousness raising
Participatory Action Research
in a remote Aboriginal Australian community is the work to support a men’s self help group to plan, implement, and evaluate their activities. With support from the research team community members are acting as researchers exploring priority issues affecting their lives, recognising their resources, producing knowledge, and taking action to improve their situation. The ongoing process of reflection and action, which incorporates participant observation, informal discussions, in‐depth interviews, and a “feedback box”, is viewed by the participants as contributing to their self reported increased sense of self awareness, self confidence, and hope for the future.
Participatory Action Research
The teacher shows the students a series of slides of artists’ works. After each slide, the teacher asks: “Simply from looking at the slide, can you predict if this is the work of a male artist, a female artist, or is this an impossible task?” The students write their responses and write a brief explanation regarding their decision. Often, the students will predict the gender of the artist. The teacher then encourages the students to identify what element(s) of the work influenced their decision. The teacher can relate this discussion to common stereotypes relating to gender roles (i.e. only females paint with pink, only males draw dark or ominous scenes).
The teacher encourages students to identify their own biases regarding gender role expectations as they relate to artistic expression.
Critical theory
in my study, the main concern of learners is finding the time to study and temporal integration is the core category which explains how the concern is resolved or processed. That is: Jugglers and Strugglers employ successful temporal integration strategies enabling them to study whilst Fade-aways and Leavers are less successful in devising and adopting temporal integration strategies. Understanding how temporal integration does or does not happen has implications for learning design and learner persistence.
Grounded Theory
Ethan is a psychologist who is interested in studying how families of autistic children cope with the difficult news that their child has autism. Do they feel angry? Scared? Do they turn to family for support or to medical professionals? Do they seek out parents of other autistic children to help them through it?
Phenomenology
