Quiz 2 Flashcards
What kind of purposive sampling?
Wide range of variation on dimensions of interests
Might involve deliberate attempts to diversify information
Any common patterns despite diverse sample are even more compelling
maximum variation sampling
What kind of purposive sampling?
Select people who are alike with respect to a certain variable
Could select people from same subculture
Deliberately reduces the variation to get focused inquiry
Good for focus groups because people feel more comfortable sharing ideas
Homogenous sampling
What kind of purposive sampling?
Selecting cases that illustrate what is average or representative
Helps researchers understand key apsects of phenomenon as they advance under ordinary circumstances
Typical case sampling
What kind of purposive sampling?
Expansion of typical case sampling
Selection of average, above average and below average cases
Close to maximum varition sampling done but along a single dimension
Each stratum would reperesnt a fairly homogenous sample
Stratefied smapling
What kind of purposive sampling?
Also sometimes called outlier sampling
Selection from cases that at least on the surface seem like exceptions to the rule
Underlying assumption that extreme are rich information because they are special
Each stratum would represent fairly homogenous sample
Extreme deviant case sampling
What kind of purposive?
Select rich cases that offer strong examples of the phenomenon of interest
Similar to extreme case sampling but with less emphasis
Involves information-rich cases that manifest the phenomenon of interest intensely
Not as extreme or potentially distorting manifestations
Well suited as an adjunct method of sampling
Intensity sampling
What kind of purposive?
Selecting cases based on a recommendation of an expert or key informant
Useful when researchers have little information about how to best proceed with sampling
Must rely on recommendations from others
Reputational
What kind of purposive?
Involves selecting important cases regarding the phenomemon of interest
Researchers look for and intensely explore the particularly good story that highlights critical aspects of phenomenon
The small number of important cases are likely to yield the most information and greatest impact on development of knowledge
Good method to use when funds are limited
Research team needs to be able to identify the dimensions that make a case critical
Critical Case Sampling
What kind of purposive?
Involves selecting cases that meet a predetermined criterion of importance
Can be useful for identifying and understanding cases that are information rich
Can provide an important qualitative component to quantitative data
useful for identifying cases from a standardize questionaire that might be useful for follow up
Criterion samping
What kind of purposive?
Involves identifying and gaining access to a single case representing a phenomenon was previously inaccessible to research scrutiny
Individuals are approached because they are the first members of a group that can reveal unknown insights
Revelatory case
What kind of purposive?
Process of selecting or searching for politically sensitive sites or unit for analysis
May draw attention to the research and its findings
Potentially enhancing the likelihood the research is noticed and has an impact
Samping for politically important cases
What kind of purposive?
Involves adding new cases to a sample to a sample based on changes in research circumstances as data are being collected
Also in response to new leads and opportunities that may develop in the field
Researchers makes sampling decisions during process of collecting ata
Most common in field research
Opportunistic/Emergent sampling
What kind of sampling?
Important component of grounded theory research
Requires the researcher to have sufficient data to be able to generate and create a theoretial explanation of what is happening in the situation
During theory generation data is collected, coded, analyzed adn then data influences next steps of more data collection
Researcher gathers more and more data until theory remains unchanged or until the context of study is understood
Theoretical Sampling
What is data saturation?
Guiding principle in sampling of qualitative data
Sampling to the point at which no new information is being obtained and redundancy is achieved
Saturation occurs during continuous data collection until there is a signal that little is needed to continue process
What are the five rationales for mixed method?
Complementary Practicality Incrementality Enhanced validity Collaboratoin
What are the purposes of MM research?
When concepts are poorly understood or new
When findings from one approach can be greatly enhanced by a second source of data
When just one approach doesn’t cover research problem
When quantitative results can be further clarified by qualitative techniques
Applications of mixed methods…5
Instrumentation Intervention development Hypothesis generation Explication theory building
What are the two different ways to design MM research?
Sequential: Analysis and interpretation in one phase informs the second
Concurrent: Data collected at same time
How to Integrate MM design? 3
Integrating (concurrent)
Connecting (sequential)
Embedding (one is dominant over the other)
What are the 3 ways to analyze MM data?
- Interpretive integration(compare the two different statistical data qual and quant)
- Conversion of quantitative and qualitative data (qualitizing, quantisizing)
- Constructing met-matrices(table with both types of data)
What are the three types of sampling in MM data?
- Identical sampling: Same people in both components of study
- Parallel sampling: Samples in two stands are different
- Nested sampling: PS in qualitative strand are subset of quantitative strand (common in embedded design)
Name the three phases of mixed methods research
- Intervention development
- Pilot testing
- Controlled trial of intervention
Describe intervention development in MM researchf
Phase 1 Intervention design(dose and intensity, timing, outcome, setting, etc)
What are the three outcomes of phase one in MM research?
Intervention development:
Intervention Theory and conceptual map
Preliminary intervention components and protocol
Strategies for addressing implementation pitfalls
Describe phase 2 of MM research
Pilot Testing Intervention:
Typically use simple quasi-experimental designs
Seek info about whether change would occur
Testing feasibility
Refinement of intervention
Describe phase 3 of MM research
Controlled Trial:
Undertake full experimental test of intervention
Focus on efficacy of clinical trial
Internal validity and statistical conclusion validity is salient
Benefits of MM research is in phase 3
What are the 6 benefits of MM research? And in which phase do these benefits occur?
- Intervention fidelity
2.Intervention clarification
3.Variation in effect
4.Clinical significance
5.Interpretation
6.Visibility
Phase 3: Controlled trial
What is the essence of a meta-analysis?
- Info. from various quantitative studies used to develop common metric
- Effect size averaged across studies
- Yields aggregated info (existence of a relationship between variables and estimates the magnitude of that relationship
What are the three advantages of meta-analysis?
1.Power
2.Objectivity
3. Precision
POP
What are the 8 steps in a metaanalysis?
- Formulate problem
- Design the study
- Lit search
- Evaluate study quality
- Extract/encode data for analysis
- Calculate effects
- Analyze data
- Write report
If results are dichotomous in a meta-analysis, what do you do?
Calculate relative risk
Odds ratio
Absolute risk reduction
