Data Analysis in Quantitative Research: Understanding Statistics Flashcards by liz souza | Brainscape

Q

What are the two ways that statistics are used?

A

Descriptive (describes the sample)

2. Inferential (outcome variables)

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Q

This variable is ________ (discrete or continuous)

Takes on a finite range of values (ex: # of children in household)

A

Discrete

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Q

Is this a discrete or continuous variable?

Also known as categorical variable

A

Discrete

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Q

Is this a discrete or continuous variable?

Used with nominal or ordinal scales

A

Discrete

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Q

Is this a discrete or continuous variable?

Takes on infinite range of values along specified continuum (Ex:Age)

A

Continuous

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Q

Is this a discrete or continuous variable?

Used with interval and ratio scales

A

Continuous

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Q

T/F

Continuous variables and discrete variables can be converted into each other

A

False. Continuous variables can be turned into discrete variables, but not vice versa

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Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?

Lowest level of measurement

A

Nominal

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Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?

Specify rank ordering on variable and assume equivalent distance

A

Interval

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Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?

Mutually exclusive

A

Nominal

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Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?

Attributes are ordered

A

Ordinal

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Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?

Highest level of measurement

A

Ratio

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Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?

Addresses ordering, intervals and absolute magnitude

A

Ratio

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Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?

Does not tell measureable differences between levelsf

A

Ordinal

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Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?

No real absolute magnitude

A

Interval

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Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?

0 means a true absense

A

Ratio

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Q

Parametric vs non parametric

Distribution free

A

non parametric

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Q

Parametric vs non parametric

Considered less robust

A

non-parametric

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Q

Parametric vs non parametric

Easier interpretation

A

non-parametric

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Q

Parametric vs non parametric

unable to interpret multivariates

A

non-parametric

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Q

Parametric vs non parametric

normal distribution

A

parametric

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Q

Parametric vs non parametric

Considered more powerful

A

parametric

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Q

Parametric vs non parametric

Can study multiple variables

A

parametric

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Q

Univariate Bivariate multivariable or multivariate?

One DV, One IV

A

Univariate

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Q

Univariate Bivariate multivariable or multivariate?

multiple DVs

A

multivariate

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Q

Univariate Bivariate multivariable or multivariate?

One DV, multiple IVs

A

Multi variable

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Q

Univariate Bivariate multivariable or multivariate?

One DV, two IVs, or DVs and One IV

A

Bivariate

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Q

Name four nonparametric statistics

A

Chi-square
Mann-Whitney
Kruskal-Wallis
Friedman

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Q

All of the non parametric tests are between-subjects except_______

A

Friedman

Between-Subjects

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Q

non-parametric test
compares an actual number or frequency of a group to the expected number or frequency
nominal data
Between group design

A

Chi-Squre

Q

This nonparametric test compares two groups. It is between group design and uses ordinal data

A

Mann-Whitney

Q

This research question indicates which statistical test?

“Is there a difference in breast self examination based on education level?”

A

Mann-Whitney

Q

This non-parametric test compares more than two groups. It is a between group design and uses ordinal level data

A

Kruskal-Wallis

Q

This research question indicates which statistical test?
Is there a difference in the medians for change in number of days of having cold symptoms among those who take placebo pill, low vitamin C, and high vitamin C?

A

Kruskal-Wallis

between groups, ordinal data, more than 2 groups

Q

Nonparametric test
Within groups design
1 group measured on 3+ occasions
Ordinal Level data

A

Friedman

Q

Which nonparametric test is for nominal data?

A

Chi-Square

Q

Which nonparametric tests are for ordinal data

A

Mann-Whitney
Kruskal-Wallis
Friedman

Q

Which research test does this indicate?
Is there a statistically significant difference in perceived sense of well-being survey scores for individuals with clinical depression move from city to rural areas (collected prior to move, 3 months post move, and 6 months post move)

A

Friedman

Q

What are the two types of t-tests?

A

Paired (within groups)

2. Unpaired (between group)

Q

Which research test is indicated?

Is there a difference between treatment and control group in relation to age?

A

Unpaired t test (independent t-tests)

Why?
continuous data (age)
Between subjects

Q

Which test is indicated?

Is there a difference in mean score of knowledge of breast examination from pre-test to post test?

A

Paired t-test (dependent t test)
Why?
Continuous data (mean score)
Within subject with pre and post test

Q

When is an ANOVA used?

A

When comparing three or more group means

Q

What is the statistic computed by ANOVA tests?

A

F-ratio

Q

Which ANOVA test?

Examines difference between group means of 3+ groups with only one test
1 IV (categorical) 1 DV(continuous) 3 categories of IV

A

One-way ANOVA

Q

Which test is indicated?
WHat is the effect of therapist intervention, compared to nicotine patch and no treatment on number of cigarettes smoked daily?

A

One-way ANOVA

Why?
1 categorical IV (Type of therapy)
1 Continuous DV (Number of cigs smoked)

Q

Which ANOVA?
Examines difference between 2 IVs (with 2+ categories each), and one DV(continuous)
Compares each IV with each DV

A

2 way ANOVA

factorial ANOVA or multifactoral ANOVA

Q

Which test is indicated?
Are counseling, compared to nicotine patch and no treatment equally effective on number of cigs smoked daily for men and women?

A

2 way ANOVA

Q

Which ANOVA?
measurements taken at more than 2 time points
3+ measures for DV
DV is continuous

A

Repeated measures ANOVA

Q

Which test is indicated?

What is the difference in depression level of clients recieving mental health services by participating in group therapy sessions at pre test, 6 months and 1 year?

A

Repeated measures ANOVA

Q

Whch test?

Purpose is to equalize differences between groups by controlling for potentially confounding variables (covariate)

A

ANCOVA

Q

Which test is indicated?

What is the effect of training on the running speed of adolescents who do or do not work out regularly?

A

ANCOVA

why? 
Removes the gender factor
IV- training
DV-running speed
Covariate-gender

Q

Which test?

When 2+ DVs that correlate with each other are compared to 1+ IV

A

MANOVA

Q

Which test is indicated?
What is the effect of different interventions (desensitization, relaxation therapy, wait-list control) on several types of anxiety (measures iwth 4 subscales on an anxiety meaure)?

A

MANOVA

why?
DV: 4 subscales of the same test
IV: desensitize, relax, control

Q

Which test?
When 2+ DVs that correlate with each other are compared to 1+ IV

Controls for confounding variables (covariates)

A

MANCOVA

Q

Which test is indicated?
What is the effect of different interventions (sensitive, relax, cotnrol) on several types of anxiety (measured 4 subscales of anxiety measure) after controlling for age and marital status?

A

MANCOVA

why?
DV: 4 subscales of the same test
IV: desensitize, relax, control
Covariate: marital status, age

Q

Which test?

A statistical procedure designed to test the relationship or prediction between 2+ IVs and 1 DV

A

Multiple Regression

Q

Overall fit (R)

A

Multiple linear Regression

Q

_____ % of mean scores will be within 1 Standard deviation of the mean?

A

68%

Q

_____% of mean scores will be within 2 standard deviations of the mean?

A

95%

Q

___% of mean scores will fall between 3 standard deviations?

A

99%

Q

The mode of the slope is to the right, but the tail and mean of the slope points to the left.

Negative skew or positive skew?

A

negative skew

Q

The mode of the slope is to the left, but the tail and the mean of the slope is to the right

A

Positive skew

Q

What is the purpose of bivariate descriptive statistics?

A

To describe relationships between two variables

Q

What are some examples of bivariate descriptive statistics?

A

Correlation
Absolute risk
relative risk
relative risk reduction
odds ratio

Q

T/F Correlational Pierson’s product use variables on nominal and ordinal scales

A

False, interval and Ratio

Q

Which correlational test measures ordinal variables?

A

Spearman’s Rho

Q

The proportion of people who experience an undesirable outcome in intervention

A

Absolute Risk

Q

Estimated proportion of an adverse outcome that persists when people are exposed to the intervention

A

Relative Risk

Q

The proportion of people with the adverse outcome relative to those without

A

Odd Ratio

Q

T/F Rejecting the null hypothesis means the alternative hypothesis is true

A

False. It might be true

Q

A type one error means?

A

False positive:

The researcher rejects the null hypothesis when he should not

Q

What is a type two error?

A

False negative

The researcher fails to reject the null when he should have

Q

How do you control for a type one error?

A

Descrease the significance level

Q

How do you control for a type 2 error?

A

Power Analysis