Data Analysis in Quantitative Research: Understanding Statistics Flashcards by liz souza

Q

What are the two ways that statistics are used?

A

Descriptive (describes the sample)

2. Inferential (outcome variables)

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Q

This variable is ________ (discrete or continuous)

Takes on a finite range of values (ex: # of children in household)

A

Discrete

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Q

Is this a discrete or continuous variable?

Also known as categorical variable

A

Discrete

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Q

Is this a discrete or continuous variable?

Used with nominal or ordinal scales

A

Discrete

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Q

Is this a discrete or continuous variable?

Takes on infinite range of values along specified continuum (Ex:Age)

A

Continuous

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Q

Is this a discrete or continuous variable?

Used with interval and ratio scales

A

Continuous

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Q

T/F

Continuous variables and discrete variables can be converted into each other

A

False. Continuous variables can be turned into discrete variables, but not vice versa

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Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?

Lowest level of measurement

A

Nominal

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Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?

Specify rank ordering on variable and assume equivalent distance

A

Interval

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Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?

Mutually exclusive

A

Nominal

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Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?

Attributes are ordered

A

Ordinal

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Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?

Highest level of measurement

A

Ratio

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Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?

Addresses ordering, intervals and absolute magnitude

A

Ratio

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Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?

Does not tell measureable differences between levelsf

A

Ordinal

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Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?

No real absolute magnitude

A

Interval

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Q

Nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio?

0 means a true absense

A

Ratio

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Q

Parametric vs non parametric

Distribution free

A

non parametric

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Q

Parametric vs non parametric

Considered less robust

A

non-parametric

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Q

Parametric vs non parametric

Easier interpretation

A

non-parametric

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Q

Parametric vs non parametric

unable to interpret multivariates

A

non-parametric

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Q

Parametric vs non parametric

normal distribution

A

parametric

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Q

Parametric vs non parametric

Considered more powerful

A

parametric

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Q

Parametric vs non parametric

Can study multiple variables

A

parametric

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Q

Univariate Bivariate multivariable or multivariate?

One DV, One IV

A

Univariate

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Univariate Bivariate multivariable or multivariate? multiple DVs

multivariate

Univariate Bivariate multivariable or multivariate? One DV, multiple IVs

Multi variable

Univariate Bivariate multivariable or multivariate? One DV, two IVs, or DVs and One IV

Bivariate

Name four nonparametric statistics

Chi-square Mann-Whitney Kruskal-Wallis Friedman

All of the non parametric tests are between-subjects except_______

Friedman Between-Subjects

non-parametric test compares an actual number or frequency of a group to the expected number or frequency nominal data Between group design

Chi-Squre

This nonparametric test compares two groups. It is between group design and uses ordinal data

Mann-Whitney

This research question indicates which statistical test? | "Is there a difference in breast self examination based on education level?"

Mann-Whitney

This non-parametric test compares more than two groups. It is a between group design and uses ordinal level data

Kruskal-Wallis

This research question indicates which statistical test? Is there a difference in the medians for change in number of days of having cold symptoms among those who take placebo pill, low vitamin C, and high vitamin C?

Kruskal-Wallis | between groups, ordinal data, more than 2 groups

Nonparametric test Within groups design 1 group measured on 3+ occasions Ordinal Level data

Friedman

Which nonparametric test is for nominal data?

Chi-Square

Which nonparametric tests are for ordinal data

Mann-Whitney Kruskal-Wallis Friedman

Which research test does this indicate? Is there a statistically significant difference in perceived sense of well-being survey scores for individuals with clinical depression move from city to rural areas (collected prior to move, 3 months post move, and 6 months post move)

Friedman

What are the two types of t-tests?

1. Paired (within groups) | 2. Unpaired (between group)

Which research test is indicated? | Is there a difference between treatment and control group in relation to age?

Unpaired t test (independent t-tests) Why? continuous data (age) Between subjects

Which test is indicated? | Is there a difference in mean score of knowledge of breast examination from pre-test to post test?

Paired t-test (dependent t test) Why? Continuous data (mean score) Within subject with pre and post test

When is an ANOVA used?

When comparing three or more group means

What is the statistic computed by ANOVA tests?

F-ratio

Which ANOVA test? ``` Examines difference between group means of 3+ groups with only one test 1 IV (categorical) 1 DV(continuous) 3 categories of IV ```

One-way ANOVA

Which test is indicated? WHat is the effect of therapist intervention, compared to nicotine patch and no treatment on number of cigarettes smoked daily?

One-way ANOVA Why? 1 categorical IV (Type of therapy) 1 Continuous DV (Number of cigs smoked)

Which ANOVA? Examines difference between 2 IVs (with 2+ categories each), and one DV(continuous) Compares each IV with each DV

2 way ANOVA | factorial ANOVA or multifactoral ANOVA

Which test is indicated? Are counseling, compared to nicotine patch and no treatment equally effective on number of cigs smoked daily for men and women?

2 way ANOVA

Which ANOVA? measurements taken at more than 2 time points 3+ measures for DV DV is continuous

Repeated measures ANOVA

Which test is indicated? What is the difference in depression level of clients recieving mental health services by participating in group therapy sessions at pre test, 6 months and 1 year?

Repeated measures ANOVA

Whch test? Purpose is to equalize differences between groups by controlling for potentially confounding variables (covariate)

ANCOVA

Which test is indicated? What is the effect of training on the running speed of adolescents who do or do not work out regularly?

ANCOVA ``` why? Removes the gender factor IV- training DV-running speed Covariate-gender ```

Which test? | When 2+ DVs that correlate with each other are compared to 1+ IV

MANOVA

Which test is indicated? What is the effect of different interventions (desensitization, relaxation therapy, wait-list control) on several types of anxiety (measures iwth 4 subscales on an anxiety meaure)?

MANOVA why? DV: 4 subscales of the same test IV: desensitize, relax, control

Which test? When 2+ DVs that correlate with each other are compared to 1+ IV Controls for confounding variables (covariates)

MANCOVA

Which test is indicated? What is the effect of different interventions (sensitive, relax, cotnrol) on several types of anxiety (measured 4 subscales of anxiety measure) after controlling for age and marital status?

MANCOVA why? DV: 4 subscales of the same test IV: desensitize, relax, control Covariate: marital status, age

Which test? | A statistical procedure designed to test the relationship or prediction between 2+ IVs and 1 DV

Multiple Regression

Overall fit (R)

Multiple linear Regression

_____ % of mean scores will be within 1 Standard deviation of the mean?

68%

_____% of mean scores will be within 2 standard deviations of the mean?

95%

___% of mean scores will fall between 3 standard deviations?

99%

The mode of the slope is to the right, but the tail and mean of the slope points to the left. Negative skew or positive skew?

negative skew

The mode of the slope is to the left, but the tail and the mean of the slope is to the right

Positive skew

What is the purpose of bivariate descriptive statistics?

To describe relationships between two variables

What are some examples of bivariate descriptive statistics?

1. Correlation 2. Absolute risk 3. relative risk 4. relative risk reduction 5. odds ratio

T/F Correlational Pierson's product use variables on nominal and ordinal scales

False, interval and Ratio

Which correlational test measures ordinal variables?

Spearman's Rho

The proportion of people who experience an undesirable outcome in intervention

Absolute Risk

Estimated proportion of an adverse outcome that persists when people are exposed to the intervention

Relative Risk

The proportion of people with the adverse outcome relative to those without

Odd Ratio

T/F Rejecting the null hypothesis means the alternative hypothesis is true

False. It might be true

A type one error means?

False positive: | The researcher rejects the null hypothesis when he should not

What is a type two error?

False negative | The researcher fails to reject the null when he should have

How do you control for a type one error?

Descrease the significance level

How do you control for a type 2 error?

Power Analysis