QUIZ ONE Flashcards
WHAT WAS THE ORIGINAL APPROXIMATE AGE OF THE EARTH?
THE EARTH WAS BELIEVED TO BE 1000S OF YEARS OLD. OCTOBER 22ND 4004 BC
WHAT DID HUTTON DISCOVER AT GLEN TILT
HE SAW THAT THE CRYSTAL WHICH HE THOUGHT WAS THE OLDEST ACTUALLY CUT THROUGH THE HARD LAYERS
WHAT WAS HIS MAIN TAKEAWAY AT JEDBURGH SCOTLAND & SICCAR POINT?
HE REALIZED THAT THERE WERE LAYERS OF ROCK ON TOP OF OTHER LAYERS OF ROCK
HOW DID THE ROCKS MOVE
SO THEY WENT FROM FLAT TO TILTED, THEN THEY STARTED TO ERODE OR WERE CUT AND THEN NEW LAYERS WERE DEPOSITED
WHAT COMMON SENSE PRINCIPLE SHOWS THAT THE OLDEST ROCKS APPEAR AT THE BOTTOM AND THEN NEW LAYERS ARE ON TOP OF IT
SUPERPOSITION
WHAT COMMON SENSE PRINCIPLE DEALS WITH THE FACT THAT THE ROCKS ARE INITIAL IN A FLAT LINE LIKE _________
ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY
WHAT PRINCIPLE SAYS THAT THERE ARE MANY LAYERS ALL GOING LEFT AND RIGHT
LATERALLY CONTINUOUS
what principle says that the more recent portions of a rock will be more on top and then the older parts will be towards the bottom
biotic succession
WHAT PRINCIPLE SAYS THE THING DOING THE CUTTING IS YOUNGER THAN THE THING BEING CUT
CROSS CUTTING RELATIONSHIP
WHAT PRINCIPLE IS ABOUT LITTLE EXTRA THINGS THAT GOT IMPLEMENTED AS PART OF THE ROCK
INCLUDED FRAGMENT
WHICH THEORY IS ABOUT BURST OF CHANGE - SAYS WE ARE IN A LULL RN BETWEEN CHANGE
CATASTROPHISM
WHAT THEORY IS ABOUT SLOW ACCUMULATED CHANGE - IN THE SYSTEM NOW WITHIN THE CHANGE
GRADUALISM
THE PRESENT IS THE KEY TO THE PAST - TYPES OF ROCKS AND OTHER THINGS ARE NOW AS THEY HAVE ALWAYS BEEN
UNIFORMITARIANISM
OLDER THAN YOUNGER THAN SHIT IS
RELATIVE AGE DATING
DIFFERENT MOLECULAR WEIGHTS OF ELEMENTS (SAME # PROTONS) BUT DIFFERENT # ELECTRONS
ISOTOPES
THE UNSTABLE VERSION OF ISOTOPES IS
RADIOACTIVE
THE RATE OF DECAY THAT TELLS HOW MUCH OF AN ELEMENT IS LEFT IN A ROCK AT A GIVEN TIME
HALF LIFE
THE LARGEST UNIT OF TIME THAT WE’VE GONE OVER
EONS
THESE ARE ONE LEVEL BELOW EONS AND MADE OF PERIODS
ERAS
THESE ARE ONE LEVEL BELOW ERAS AND CONTAIN STAGES
PERIODS
THE LAST UNIT OF TIME IN THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
PERIODS
WE ARE IN THIS ERA
Cenozoic
WE ARE IN THIS PERIOD
THE QUATERNARY
WE ARE IN THIS EON
PHANEROZIC
HOW DID EARTH COME TO BE
IN 15GA THE UNIVERSE EXPANDED. Particles floating through space came together to form plantesmal bodies. collapse of gas clouds to eddies, through plantesmals, and then to planets
elements start to gather together
accretion
elements squeeze/pack together tightly
contraction
the heaviest move to the center and the lightest to the surface
differentiation
an intense meteorite bombing that hit the earth in 4.6-3.8 ga caused early plate tectonics
the hadean.
how did the elements come to the earth - what are the major ones
they originated in a supernova (exploding star). 20 major earth ones and then also things like hydrogen that are in the atmosphere
the top & least thick part of the earth’s composition
the crust
the second very thick part of the earth’s crust that goes down to 2900 ish km below the surface
mantle
third and fourth layers
outer core to about 5100 km deep
inner core to about 6380 km deep
the type of crust we walk on
granitic
the other type of crust that is oceanic
basaltic
layer made up of some ultramafic minerals
uppermantle
made up of very dense minerals and also alloy
core and lower mantlae
naturally occurring substances that are physically and chemically distinctive internal lattice organization
minerals
the study of minerals
mineralogy
what are the two types of minerals
the silicates and the non silicates
the heated floating material that is still in the earth
magma
molten material extruded on the earth
lava
stratovolcano
the basic composite volcano made of two things. has steep slopes, small and more explosive
gentle slopes made of layers of lava flow, huge laterally and vertically, but not explosive
shield volcanos
balsatic/mafic low viscosity. not explosive but huge floods of lava cover the surface
lava floods
mantle sourced submarine volcanic mountain ranges at plate boundaries
mid ocean ridges
two types of lava
Pahohu - very smooth
Aa - chunky flow
anything that is thrown into the air and then falls
tephra,
bentonite - loose ash fall
tuff - heat welded ash fall
gas, ashes chunks that usually come from a volcano
Pyroclasts - these are a big killer
run parallel to beddings
sils
are at angles to the beddings
dikes
crystalline but the crystals are too small to see
aphanatic
non crystalline solid like obsidian
glassy
containing vesicles (round or elongated air pockets in an igneous rock) left behind by gas bubbles trapped in the erupted magma
vesicular
this term refers to rocks containing conspicuously large crystals surrounded by much smaller, invisible crystals
porphyritic
made up of crystals that you can see
phaneritic
the basaltic mafic crust that is denser
oceanic
the granitic (felsic/siclic) crust that is lighter
continental
the lightest and upper sphere that is what the tectonic plates go around on
lithosphere
the lithosphere floats on…….
the asthenosphere
the pulling apart of two tectonic plates
divergent boundary
what is created where the two tectonic plates pull apart
a rift valley
WHAT TYPE OF ROCKS COME OUT OF THE RIDGE OF A DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
mafic rocks -
what would happen if there is a convergence of one ocean plate and then one continental
the oceanic plate would subduct
what would happen if there is a convergence of two oceanic plates
the older and colder oceanic plate would subduct
contient - continent converging plates
you just wrote crunch crunch crunch
the sliding past each other of two tectonic plates, can also be called strike slip
a transform boundary
orogenic belt
active modern and extinct ocean belts
other types of metamorphism
regional metamorphism - crunching and thickening
burial metamorphism
contact metamorphism
other types of metamorphism
regional metamorphism - crunching and thickening
burial metamorphism
contact metamorphismt
the theory of plate tectonics is developed from what theory
continental drift theory
what are some evidence of the continents drifting
the margin fitting and the hotspot tracks
fossil and rock type distribution
sea floor striping,
the magnetism that points to the North Pole
like an iceberg, if you move one thing the rest will float up
isostasy
sediments are shed into….
a basin
any depression in which sediments are thickest near ocean/ continental margins
basins
sediments come from….
higher elevations
physical disintegration & chemical decomposition of rock, produces solid and dissolved products
weathering
the break up by expanding and contracting
disintegration
when water looses the tight
hydration
heat energy
comes and melts
thermal
chemical weathering
decomposition into ions
