Quiz on tutorials 8-11

Question 1

Are automatic and controlled processes involved in prejudice always associated?

Answer 1

No, people can have automatic activation of stereotypes but some manage to inhibit the stereotype - i.e. not act on it. In other words, in some people there can be a dissociation between automatic and controlled processes.

Question 2

Is there any difference in knowledge of a cultural stereotype between high- and low-prejudice people?

Answer 2

No.

Question 3

What happens when the ability of a low-prejudice person to consciously monitor stereotype activation is precluded?

Answer 3

They produce stereotype-congruent evaluations of ambiguous behaviours (Donald paragraph) – just like high-prejudice people.

Question 4

Are stereotypes the same as personal beliefs?

Answer 4

No. Beliefs are endorsed as true, while one may have knowledge of a stereotype without believing it is true.

Question 5

What is the difference in activation between stereotypes and personal beliefs?

Answer 5

Stereotypes are activated automatically; activation of personal beliefs requires conscious attention.

Question 6

A target’s group membership activates the ________ in the perceiver’s ________, making other traits associated with the stereotype highly _________.

Answer 6

A target’s group membership activates the stereotype in the perceiver’s memory, making other traits associated with the stereotype highly accessible.

Question 7

What effect does prejudice have on reports of stereotype content?

Answer 7

None. High- and low-prejudice individuals are equally knowledgeable of stereotype content.

Question 8

How was the Black race stereotype primed –and what did it activate – in study 2 of Devine (1988)?

Answer 8

Race stereotype was primed by using trait words associated with the Black stereotype (e.g. athletic, musical). The stereotype activated a link between Blacks and hostility.

Question 9

Trait ascriptions are part of the belief system of _____ but not _____ -prejudice people.

Answer 9

Trait ascriptions are part of the belief system of high- but not low -prejudice people.

Question 10

What is necessary to change a negative attitude towards blacks?

Answer 10

Inhibition of automatically activated information (i.e. the stereotype) and intentionally replacing it with nonprejudiced belief structure.

Question 11

Stereotypes can be defined as….

Answer 11

Stereotypes can be defined as cognitive frameworks of widely shared generalisations about members of a social group.

Question 12

Why are stereotypes hard to change? 2 reasons

Answer 12

1. They are learnt at an early age, often before a child has any knowledge about the groups that are being stereotyped.
2. They are activated automatically.

Question 13

How did Allport define prejudice?

Answer 13

“An antipathy … toward a group as a whole, or toward an individual because he is a member of that group”.

Question 14

What’s the difference between blatant-traditional prejudice and subtle-modern?

Answer 14

Blatant-traditional forms of prejudice are more likely to be based on strong negative evaluations of the outgroup.

Subtle-modern forms of prejudice are more likely to be based on an absence of positive evaluations towards the outgroup.

Question 15

What is discrimination?

Answer 15

Negative behaviour towards an outgroup, or an omission of positive behaviour towards an outgroup.

Question 16

What 4 factors are moderators of the relationship between prejudice and discrimination?

Answer 16

age,
inhibitory control,
social context,
motivation to aggress

Question 17

What’s the difference between a stereotype and prejudice?

Answer 17

Stereotypes are simply associations with group. Everyone has these. Automatic.

Prejudice is a stereotyped endorsed. Tend to be negative.

Question 18

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

Answer 18

Discrimination is acting on prejudice –it’s a behaviour. Prejudice is the psychological component.

Both have blatant and subtle aspects, and both have negative consequences.

Question 19

African-Americans show an ingroup _________ on explicit measures; but ingroup ________ on implicit tests.

Answer 19

African-Americans show an ingroup preference on explicit measures; but ingroup devaluation on implicit tests.

Question 20

Asians display more overall ______ and ______ prejudice; anglos display more ______.

Answer 20

Asians display overall explicit and implicit prejudice; anglos display more implicit.

Question 21

Name a prejudice reduction strategy and describe how it works.

Answer 21

Cooperative contact.

Working towards a superordinate goal reduces the salience of original ingroup/outgroup category.

Question 22

94% of studies there was an ______ relationship between contact and prejudice (medium effect size). _______ contact mean _____ prejudice

Answer 22

In 94% of studies there was an inverse relationship between contact and prejudice (medium effect size). More contact means less prejudice

Question 23

What are the advantages and disadvantages of stereotyping?

Answer 23

Advantages of stereotyping – heuristic, makes categorisation easy. Great for classifying items.

Disadvantages – can be inaccurate. So becomes a problem when people act on classifications in dealing with individuals.

Question 24

Gender sterotyping begins around age ____. Racial stereotypes emerge around ____.

Answer 24

Gender sterotyping begins around age 3-4. Racial stereotypes emerge around 8-9.

Question 25

In what way may prejudice be adaptive?

Answer 25

To protect our ingroup from other outgroups.

Question 26

What are the optimal conditions for cooperative contact?

Answer 26

Preschool is best time for intervention. Must be long-term.

Question 27

According to Williams and Bargh (2008), why might experiencing physical warmth promote interpersonal warmth?

Answer 27

Feelings of warmth can activate memories of other experiences associated with warmth, such as that of early caregivers. Insula is involved both in the perception of physical temperature and of interpersonal warmth.

People conceptualise their internal mental world by analogy with the physical world.

Question 28

What are some of the implications of Williams and Bargh’s (2008) findings for interactions in a variety of settings (social life, work, etc.)?

Answer 28

Behaviour and social perception may be influenced by tactile physical experiences in an unconscious way. This also generalizes – the subliminal activation of concepts (e.g. hot/cold) can influence judgement and behavior.

If concept of warmth is activated, pps likely to be more altruistic and to judge others as being more warm. If concept of cold is activated, then the opposite.

Question 29

Bargh et al. (1996, p. 233) propose “social behaviour should be capable of automatic activation by the mere presence of features of the current environment”. What is the basis for this hypothesis?

Answer 29

Social perceptions and attitudes depend on mental representations. The priming of these representations increases the chance of these perceptions/attitudes being expressed.

Similarly, behavior depends on representations. These can be activated by the environment, such as when a type of behaviour is primed subliminally (or even thought about consciously). The tendency to act in line with the representation increases when it is activated.

Question 30

According to Bargh et al. (1996), behaviour may be mediated by attitudes, but it is ___ ______ mediated by attitudes.

Answer 30

Behaviour may be mediated by attitudes, but it is not always mediated by attitudes.

Question 31

According to Bargh et al. (1996), under what conditions can behaviour be controlled? How often do such conditions typically occur?

Answer 31

When an environmental stimulus activates a behavioural representation associated with the situation.

Question 32

Why don’t subliminal Pepsi ads work in movie theatres?

Answer 32

The behavioural representation of Pepsi is not associated with sitting in a movie theatre – buying a Pepsi is not a relevant response to watching a movie. It might work for those for whom getting up in a movie to buy a Pepsi is a behavior associated with that situation. For those who buy snacks before, there would be no activation. The primed behaviour must be in the person’s repertoire for that situation.

Question 33

For priming of behaviour to be effective, the primed behaviour must be in the person’s ________ for that ______.

Answer 33

For priming of behaviour to be effective, the primed behaviour must be in the person’s repertoire for that situation.

Question 34

Is it possible to give someone a motivation they don’t have already?

Answer 34

No. You can affect someone’s behavior by making a certain motivation more salient than another, but you cannot give the person a motivation that he or she does not already have, in the absence of an existing motive base.

Question 35

You can affect someone’s behavior by making a certain ________ more ________ than another, but you cannot give the person a ________ that he does not already have, in the absence of an existing _______ base.

Answer 35

You can affect someone’s behavior by making a certain motivation more salient than another, but you cannot give the person a motivation that he or she does not already have, in the absence of an existing motive base.

Question 36

What two effects of activating a concept in someone’s mind are described by Bargh et al. (1996)?

Answer 36

Activating a concept in someone’s mind not makes us:
1) more likely to use that concept when judging others

2) makes us act more like the concept or stereotype ourselves (e.g. walk like old person).

Question 37

The main objective of Bargh et al. is to demonstrate that _____ _________ can be __________.

Answer 37

The main objective of Bargh et al. is to demonstrate that social behaviour cab be automatic.

Question 38

Experiment 1 (rudeness prime/interrupting) of Bargh et al. (1996) showed that….

Answer 38

Trait-priming manipulations (which have exerted a non- conscious influence over social perceptual processes in previous research) can produce trait-like behavior as well.

Question 39

Experiments 2 (slowness prime/walking) and 3 (black prime/hostility) of Bargh et al. (1996) showed that….

Answer 39

Trait-like behavior is produced via automatic stereotype activation if that trait participates in the stereotype.

Question 40

Did the Doyen et al. 2012 study replicate Bargh et al. (1996)?

Answer 40

No. When they used automated timers and infrared sensors instead of a stopwatch, they failed to replicate the finding that participants primed with the elderly stereotype walked more slowly to the elevator.

Question 41

What criticisms of Bargh et al. were raised by Doyen et al.?

Answer 41

They argued that experimenter expectations could have been unwittingly communicated to participants and influenced their walking speed. In a follow-up study…

1. the objective walking speed of the participants (measured with sensors) and
2. the experimenters’ measurement of the speed with a stopwatch

were slower when the experimenters were provided with the expectation that primed participants would walk slower than non-primed participants.

Question 42

Was there an aspect of the methodology that was designed to overcome possible experimenter expectancy effects in Bargh et al.’s study?

Answer 42

Yes, the experimenters were blind to the condition the participants were in. The packages of prime words were scrambled in identical envelopes. A second experimenter did the timing.

Question 43

In what 6 ways is self-regulation like a muscle?

Answer 43

1. draws on a limited resource
2. is used in a variety of tasks
3. gets fatigued by exertion
4. becomes less able to function, and becomes stronger, the more it is used
5. some people just have more of it
6. depletion is temporary

Question 44

Self control strength is used and consumed any time the self actively ______, _____ or _____ a response.

Answer 44

Self control strength is used and consumed any time the self actively initiates, alters or stifles a response.

Question 45

Is self-control a limited-capacity model, limited-strength model, or both?

Answer 45

Both. Strength model predicts that exertion is followed by a deficit. Limited capacity model predicts that it is a finite resource.

Question 46

In what ways is self-regulation not like a muscle?

Answer 46

1. It’s propbably psychological, rather than biological/mechanical.
2. Experience muscle pain, but not psychological pain after exertion.
3. No delay in experiencing depletion with self-control, unlike muscles

Question 47

Why might stress result in depletion of self-regulation?

Answer 47

Coping with stress requires a person to constantly monitor threatening stimuli. Monitoring a stimulus requires inhibition, as the person has to override the general tendency of attention to wander.

Question 48

Why might negative emotion result in depletion of self-regulation?

Answer 48

Being in a bad mood may drain self-control, as getting out of the mood may require exertion of self-control. So people with low mood can experience deficits in self-control.

Question 49

What are some cognitive, emotional, and behavioural activities that may deplete self-regulation?

Answer 49

Cognitive – studying, any hard cognitive work (e.g. anagrams) might deplete self-regulatory capacity. REALLY?

Emotional – stress, anxiety (e.g. being ostracized) may deplete.

Behavioural – maintaining good posture, physical exertion (if there’s a lot of it), not biting nails.

Question 50

What evidence is there that glucose is implicated in self-control depletion?

Answer 50

If pps given glucose they perform better on self-regulation after depletion. So the resource depleted may be glucose.

Question 51

What may replenish self-regulation?

Answer 51

Rest, glucose, experiencing positive emotion.

Question 52

Are mean people as mean as we think or are they simply not as good at self-regulation as others?

• FMRI – found that when angered, aggressive people had deficits in self-regulation. Pps likely to be aggressive when provoked, often fail to self-regulate.

Answer 52

FMRI evidence found that when angered, aggressive people had deficits in self-regulation. Pps likely to be aggressive when provoked, often fail to self-regulate.

Question 53

Is self-regulation training transferable? What areas of life can it impact the most?

Answer 53

Yes, evidence that training can strengthen self-regulation.

Question 54

What are some professions for which it is important to have good self-regulation?

Answer 54

Jobs that are stressful require more self-regulation.

Question 55

What are two forms of reciprocity?

Answer 55

1. Free samples/gifts

2. Concessions –retreating to a smaller request after large request is rejected.

Question 56

How does consistency work?

Answer 56

Get a commitment from someone, and they are more likely to be faithful to that commitment. e.g. restaurant receptionist/handicap petition

Question 57

How does social validation work?

Answer 57

By demonstrating that others like you have already complied. e.g. largest-selling, fastest-growing

Question 58

How can social validation backfire in public campaigns?

Answer 58

By emphasising large number of people doing an undesirable activity.

Question 59

The success of Tupperware parties demonstrates what tactic of manipulation?

Answer 59

Liking

Question 60

What factors have been shown to be important in boosting liking?

Answer 60

1. Physical attractiveness - hot fundraisers get more cash
2. Similarity - you’re from Minnesota too?
3. Compliments
4. Cooperation - e.g. salespeople doing ‘battle’ for customer against manager

Question 61

A man in suit and tie is 350% more likely to be followed across the street while J-walking. Quoting scientific credentials. These demonstrate what tactic of manipulation?

Answer 61

Authority

Question 62

Limited-time only and limited-supply slogans exploit which tactic of manipulation?

Answer 62

Scarcity

Question 63

What are the six tactics of manipulation?

Answer 63

1. Reciprocity
2. Consistency
3. Social validation
4. Liking
5. Authority
6. Scarcity