Quiz content Flashcards
hematopoiesis
formation and maturation of blood cells, occurs in bone marrow for adults
erythrocytes
carry oxygen, RBCs
leukocytes
fight infection, WBCs
leukocytosis
increased white blood cell count
thrombocytes
clotting, platelets
thrombocytopenia
low number of platelets
immunity
the ability to resist and fight infection. recognition, processing and destruction of foreign invaders, removal of damaged cells, protection against proliferation of abnormal or malignant cells, WBC and lymphatic system
antigens
foreign or “non self” substances that trigger the immune system
active immunity
immune system stimulated to produce antibodies by a pathogen or its vaccine, generates memory b cells
passive immunity
when antibodies are transferred or donated from one person to another, protection is short lived, does not generate B cells
immunomodulator
any drug or therapy that affects body defenses
vaccination
injection of a killed or weakened organism that produces immunity against that organism
booster
follow-up vaccination to provide sustained protection
titer
the amount of antibody detected after the vaccine has been administered, if below a specific level, booster is needed
attenuated
microbes are alive but weakened, unable to produce the disease
inactivated
microbes are unable to replicate or cause disease (dead)
toxoid
contains bacterial toxins that have been chemically modified to be incapable of causing disease
recombinant
contain partial viral subunits or bacterial proteins that are generated in a lab using biotechnology
vaccines adverse effects
discomfort and redness at site, aches, fever
vaccines contraindications
illness, pregnancy, immunocompromised clients shouldn’t receive live vaccines
cytokines
develop blood cells, would healing
interferon
interfere with the ability of viral infections to spread, enhance activity of leukocytes
interferon alfa-2b therapeutic class
immunostimulant
interferon alfa-2b pharmacologic class
interferon, biologic response modifier
interferon alfa-2b indications
certain cancers (hairy cell leukemia, melanoma, non-hodgkins, kaposi’s sarcoma), viral infections (HPV, chronic hepatitis b & c)
interferon alfa-2b MOA
suppresses cell proliferation, enhances phagocytic activity, augments cytotoxicity of lymphocytes for target cells, inhibits virus replication
interferon alfa-2b adverse effects
flu like symptoms, depression, suicidal ideation, hepatotoxicity, pancytopenia
interferon alfa-2b black box warning
may cause or aggravate life-threatening neuropsychiatric, autoimmune, ischemic and infectious disorders. discontinue if persisted t severe or worsening signs or symptoms
interferon alfa-2b nursing implications
give at night, may pre-medicate with acetaminophen, educate clients about adverse effects, avoid concurrent use with other sedating meds
immunosuppressants
suppress the immune system by affecting lymphocyte function
corticosteroids
often used for short term therapy/exacerbations: prednisone, methyprednisolone
antimetabolites
inhibits t-lymphocyte activation and proliferation: sirolimus, azathioprine
calcineurin inhibitors
thought to inhibit t-lymphocyte activation and proliferation: cyclosporine, tacrolimus
monoclonal antibodies
attack specific targets (t cell receptors): basiliximab, daclizumab, infliximab
immunosuppressant nursing implication
monitor for signs of infection, monitor for adverse effects, client education: stress importance of regular visits with provider
epoetin alfa (epogen)
stimulates RBCs
filgrastim (neupogen)
stimulates neutrophils
oprelvekin (neumega)
stimulates platelets
pathogen
organism that causes disease
bactericidal
kill bacteria
bacteriostatic
slow the growth of bacteria, allowing body’s natural defenses to eliminate the organism
antibiotic resistance
mutation that develops during bacterial cell growth may increase it’s ability to survive in harsher conditions, antibiotics used to cure the bacterial infection are ineffective
penicillin g potassium classification
penicillin
penicillin g potassium adverse effects
diarrhea, N/V, anaphylaxis, superinfection, pain at injection site
penicillin g potassium nursing implications
can be given IM or IV, may decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives, observe client for 20 mins after giving IM, allergy to one penicillin increases risk of allergy to others, may have cross sensitivity with cephalosporins
cefotaxime class
cephalosporin
cefotaxime adverse effects
Diarrhea, N/V, anaphylaxis, superinfection, pain at injection site
cefotaxime nursing implications
given IM or IV, avoid alcohol, take entire course of medication
tetracyline adverse effects
diarrhea, N/V, photosensitivity, superinfection
tetracyline nursing implications
decreases effectiveness of oral contraceptives, pregnancy category D, do not take with milk, do not use with children
azithromycin class
macrolide
azithromycin adverse effects
diarrhea, N/V, prolonged QT interval on ECG, increased liver enzyme
azithromycin nursing implications
may receive loading dose on day 1, long half, life, may improve compliance
aminoglycoside considerations
toxicity is a concern with this drug class, ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, drug levels are often monitored
ciprofloxacin class
fluoroquinolone
ciprofloxacin adverse effects
diarrhea, N/V, headache, tendonitis/tendon negative
ciprofloxacin nursing implications
do not take with antacids, vitamins or minerals, increases anticoagulant effects of warfarin, avoid caffeine, may increase muscle weakness in those with myasthenia gravis
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole class
sulfonamide
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole adverse effects
N/V, hypersensitivity/allergy, stevens-johnson syndrome, hyperkalemia
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole nursing implications
use caution with preexisting renal disease, maintain adequate hydration to prevent crystalluria, increase anticoagulant effects with warfarin, when giving IV only infuse through D5W
vancomycin
glycopeptide, used with severe infection with gram positive organisms, c. Diff
linezolid
oxazolidinone
daptomycin
cycled lipopetide, serious skin and soft tissue infections
imipenem, meropenem
carbapenemas
