Exam 2 Misc.

Question 1

hypertension

Answer 1

elevation in arterial blood pressure

systolic is greater than 140 mmHg or diastolic is greater than 90 mmHg

Question 2

what increases BP

Answer 2

more blood volume, constriction of smooth muscle in arterial walls, increased cardiac output

Question 3

what decreases BP

Answer 3

less blood volume, relaxation of smooth muscles in arterial walls, decreased cardiac output

Question 4

peripheral vascular resistance

Answer 4

resistance to flow of blood in the arterial vessels

Question 5

baroreflexes

Answer 5

baroreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses sense a decrease in BP and respond by decreasing parasympathetic nervous system stimulation. sympathetic NS response by increasing vascular tone and cardiac output

Question 6

RAAS system

Answer 6

kidneys sense decrease in bp or sodium in renal tubules, release renin. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1. ACE converts 1 to 2 which is a vasoconstrictor, 2 also stimulates release of aldosterone causing sodium reabsorption

Question 7

alpha 1 adrenergic

Answer 7

vasoconstriction

Question 8

alpha 2 adrenergic

Answer 8

inhibits release of norepinephrine (negative feedback)

Question 9

beta 1 adrenergic

Answer 9

increased HR and contractility

Question 10

beta 2 adrenergic

Answer 10

relaxation of smooth muscle in bronchioles, uterus, GI tract and bladder

Question 11

preload

Answer 11

degree of ventricular stretch before contraction

Question 12

afterload

Answer 12

resistance ventricles must overcome during systole

Question 13

cardiac remodeling

Answer 13

as blood backs up in left ventricle, enlarges and attempts to work harder to compensate for increased blood volume, changes size, shape and structure of heart over time

Question 14

lifestyle changes for HF

Answer 14

tobacco cessation, salt restriction, fluid restriction, limit alcohol, aerobic exercise, stress management, weight control, limit caffeine

Question 15

heart failure

Answer 15

the heart is unable to pump enough blood and oxygen to adequately support other organs in the body

Question 16

inotropic drugs

Answer 16

affect contractility, positive inotropes increase force of contraction and vice versa

Question 17

chronotropic drugs

Answer 17

affect heart rate, positive chronotropes increase heart rate and vice versa

Question 18

BNP

Answer 18

secreted by ventricles in response to fluid overload, causes natriuretic effect and inhibits the RAAs system

Question 19

allergic rhinitis

Answer 19

exposure to allergen triggers mast cells to release histamine and several other chemical mediators, causing common allergy symptoms

Question 20

acetylcholine

Answer 20

neurotransmitter which affects muscular contraction and endocrine function

Question 21

alpha 1 adrenergic

Answer 21

vasoconstriction

Question 22

alpha 2 adrenergic

Answer 22

inhibits release of norepinephrine (negative feedback)

Question 23

beta 1 adrenergic

Answer 23

increased HR and contractility

Question 24

beta 2 adrenergic

Answer 24

relaxation of smooth muscle in bronchioles, uterus, GI tract, bladder

Question 25

medulla

Answer 25

cough center

Question 26

asthma

Answer 26

chronic pulmonary disease characterized by acute bronchoconstriction and inflammation of the airways, leading to increased mucus production and airway obstruction

Question 27

COPD

Answer 27

chronic progressive lung disease characterized by inflammation and excess mucus, areolar dilation/ loss of elasticity