Exam 2 Misc. Flashcards
hypertension
elevation in arterial blood pressure
systolic is greater than 140 mmHg or diastolic is greater than 90 mmHg
what increases BP
more blood volume, constriction of smooth muscle in arterial walls, increased cardiac output
what decreases BP
less blood volume, relaxation of smooth muscles in arterial walls, decreased cardiac output
peripheral vascular resistance
resistance to flow of blood in the arterial vessels
baroreflexes
baroreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses sense a decrease in BP and respond by decreasing parasympathetic nervous system stimulation. sympathetic NS response by increasing vascular tone and cardiac output
RAAS system
kidneys sense decrease in bp or sodium in renal tubules, release renin. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1. ACE converts 1 to 2 which is a vasoconstrictor, 2 also stimulates release of aldosterone causing sodium reabsorption
alpha 1 adrenergic
vasoconstriction
alpha 2 adrenergic
inhibits release of norepinephrine (negative feedback)
beta 1 adrenergic
increased HR and contractility
beta 2 adrenergic
relaxation of smooth muscle in bronchioles, uterus, GI tract and bladder
preload
degree of ventricular stretch before contraction
afterload
resistance ventricles must overcome during systole
cardiac remodeling
as blood backs up in left ventricle, enlarges and attempts to work harder to compensate for increased blood volume, changes size, shape and structure of heart over time
lifestyle changes for HF
tobacco cessation, salt restriction, fluid restriction, limit alcohol, aerobic exercise, stress management, weight control, limit caffeine
heart failure
the heart is unable to pump enough blood and oxygen to adequately support other organs in the body
inotropic drugs
affect contractility, positive inotropes increase force of contraction and vice versa
chronotropic drugs
affect heart rate, positive chronotropes increase heart rate and vice versa
BNP
secreted by ventricles in response to fluid overload, causes natriuretic effect and inhibits the RAAs system
allergic rhinitis
exposure to allergen triggers mast cells to release histamine and several other chemical mediators, causing common allergy symptoms
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter which affects muscular contraction and endocrine function
alpha 1 adrenergic
vasoconstriction
alpha 2 adrenergic
inhibits release of norepinephrine (negative feedback)
beta 1 adrenergic
increased HR and contractility
beta 2 adrenergic
relaxation of smooth muscle in bronchioles, uterus, GI tract, bladder
medulla
cough center
asthma
chronic pulmonary disease characterized by acute bronchoconstriction and inflammation of the airways, leading to increased mucus production and airway obstruction
COPD
chronic progressive lung disease characterized by inflammation and excess mucus, areolar dilation/ loss of elasticity
