quiz/assignment questions Flashcards
Which region of the brain is the main integrative center for the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems, controls the function of endocrine organs by neural and hormonal pathways?
hypothalamus
Which of the following tissues can be classified as an endocrine gland?
adipose tissue
In response to the hypothalamus, the posterior pituitary secretes
oxytocin and ADH
What is the basic action of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
Stimulates secretory activity and synthesis of corticosteroids in adrenal cortex
The primary hormones produced by the thyroid are
thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin
Which of the following hormone’s basic action is calcium and phosphorus metabolism, construct bone, and reduce serum calcium?
calcitonin
Which of the following disorders creates a generalized elevation of body metabolism, the effects of which are manifested in almost every system?
Hyperthyroidism
Myxedema is the clinical manifestation of
hypothyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism is a disorder caused by overactivity of one or more of the four parathyroid glands that
disrupts calcium, phosphate, and bone metabolism
Which of the following medical diagnosis occurs because of a disorder within the adrenal gland itself, with insufficient cortisol release from the adrenal glands causing a wide range of problems?
addison disease
Hypercortisolism resulting from adrenal gland oversecretion or from hyperphysiologic doses of corticosteroid medications is called
Cushing Syndrome
Which of the following medical diagnosis occurs when an adrenal lesion results in hypersecretion of aldosterone, the most powerful of the mineralocorticoids?
Conn syndrome
Which of the following is the characteristic of hypoparathyroidism?
Decreased bone resorption
Which of the following hormones is essential to norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction and other physiologic phenomena necessary for survival under stress?
Cortisol
What is the hallmark of Addison disease?
Decreased serum cortisol levels
which of the following is the characteristic of hyperparathyroidism
increased bone resorption
what can the medical diagnosis and symptoms of this patient with an enlarged neck area
Goiter: an enlargement of the thyroid gland
In response to the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary secretes
a. adrenocorticotropic hormone
b. epinephrine
c. thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
d. mineralocorticoids
a. adrenocorticotropic hormone
this patient presents the signs and symptoms of Myxedema, what can be her medical diagnosis
hypothyroidism
which of the following disorders creates a generalized elevation of body metabolism, the effects of which are manifested in almost every system?
hyperthyroidism
which of the following can be a cause for cushing’s disease
a. an excess of corticosteroid medication
b. an adrenal lesion results in hypersecretion of aldosterone
c. excessive circulating of parathyroid hormone
d. calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition
a. an excess of corticosteroid medication
what is TRUE for cortisol?
a. it is secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary
b. it is essential to norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction and other physiologic phenomena necessary for survival under stress
c. it is essential for calcium and phosphorus metabolism and calcification of bone
d. it induces inflammation response
b. it is essential to norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction and other physiologic phenomena necessary for survival under stress
what is the hallmark of addison disease
decreased serum cortisol levels
which of the following lab tests is relevant to diagnose hyperthyroidism
thyroid-stimulating hormone
flexor tenosynovitis with stiffness can accompany carpal tunnel syndrome in persons with ….
hypothyroidism
hyperparathyroidism is a disorder caused by overactivity of one or more of the four parathyroid glands that ….
disrupts calcium, phosphate, and bone metabolism
which of the following is the main integrative center for the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems, controls the function of endocrine organs by neural and hormonal pathways
hypothalamus
which of the following is true
a. hyposecretion of human growth hormone results in dwarfism
b. hypersecretion of human growth hormone causes gigantism in children
c. hypersecretion of human growth hormone causes acromegaly in adults
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
decreased levels of thyroid hormone lead to an overall slowing of the basal metabolic rate. This slowing of all body processes leads to
bradycardia, decreased GI tract motility, and slowed neurologic functioning
which of the following occurs when an adrenal lesion results in hypersecretion of aldosterone, the most powerful of the mineralocorticoids
conn syndrome
Which of the following clinical manifestations is commonly seen in a person with diabetes?
a. Impaired cognitive function
b. Infection
c. Balance and gait abnormalities
d. All the above
all the above
When a person has hypoglycemia episode, what clinical manifestation he/she may have?
Tachycardia and shallow respirations
What is TRUE about insulin resistance?
a. Commonly being seen in people with type 1 diabetes
b. Insulin binds to glucose transporter (GLUT4) in the pancreatic beta cell
c. The endogenous insulin levels can be high during the diagnosis, and it may become low as the diabetes progress
d. Glucose is stored in the liver instead of skeletal muscles.
c. The endogenous insulin levels can be high during the diagnosis, and it may become low as the diabetes progress
Which of the following is TRUE in a person with hyperglycemia?
a. High Ketones
b. Labile, irritable, nervous, weepy mood
c. Normal urine output
d. Tremors
a. High Ketone
What will be an ideal A1C target for a person with type 2 diabetes?
< 7.0%
Which of the following is TRUE on diabetes?
a. Most people with diabetes are type 1
b. The onset of type 2 diabetes is normally abrupt
c. Only children will develop type 1 diabetes
d. Type 2 diabetes can develop at any age
d. Type 2 diabetes can develop at any age
Which of the following decreases blood glucose levels?
a. Glucagon released by alpha cells in the islet of Langerhans
b. Insulin released by beta cells in the islet of Langerhans
c. ACTH released by the anterior pituitary gland.
d. Epinephrine released by the medulla of the adrenal gland.
b. Insulin released by beta cells in the islet of Langerhans
If an individual has a fasting plasma glucose of 80 mg/dL, what can physical therapist infer from this information?
Normal fasting plasma glucose level
The National Institutes of Health clinical guidelines and the WHO define overweight in adults as a BMI equal to or greater than ______
25 kg/m^2
Prediabetes is diagnosed in people with an A1C greater than or equal to ______ but less than or equal to ______
5.7%
6.4%
In children, BMI greater than or equal to the ______ percentile signifies risk for being obese.
95th
What is metabolic syndrome?
- Abdominal obesity and atherogenic dyslipidemia
- Elevated blood pressure and insulin resistance
- Prothrombotic and proinflammatory state of the blood
Which of the following is precipitating causes of diabetic ketoacidosis?
trauma
medications
pregnancy
In the United States, about _______ have been diagnosed with diabetes.
1 in every 10 people
In diabetes, _______ causes dehydration, which causes thirst. Excessive thirst is called _____
polyuria
polydipsia
According to the natural history of type 2 diabetes, which of the following complications may already exist when people are diagnosed with diabetes?
macrovascular
Hulk checked his blood glucose levels two hours after eating a Chinese buffet last night. The glucometer showed 299 mg/dL. What would be the clinical indication from this information?
Hulk may have developed hyperglycemia
Releasing a series of multiple-function mediators, _________ is involved in a wide spectrum of diseases, including not only cardiovascular and metabolic complications, such as atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes, but also inflammatory- and immune-related disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
white fat
Which type of diabetes is an autoimmune type of diabetes that begins in middle to late adulthood, also referred to as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)?
type 1.5
Which of the following diseases is considered a microvascular complication for diabetes?
retinopathy
what is true about insulin resistance
commonly being seen in people with type 2 diabetes
which of the following clinical manifestations is commonly seen in a person with diabetes
a. numbness of the limbs
b. low blood pressure
c. decreased appetite
d. all of the above
a. numbness of the limbs
what clinical manifestation may a patient have if his/her blood glucose is 62 mg/dL
a. high ketones
b. deep and rapid respirations
c. convulsion/coma
d. all the above
c. convulsion/coma
what is the A1C recommendation for non-pregnant adults with diabetes
less than 7.0%
fat accumulated in the lower body (subcutaneous fat) results in a ____ figure, whereas fat in the abdominal area (visceral fat) produces more of an _____
pear-shape
apple-shape
_____ is the branch of medicine concerned with the management of obesity
bariatrics
which of the following cells produce insulin in the pancreas
beta cells
prediabetes is diagnosed in people with a fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to ____ but less than or equal to ____
100 mg/dL
125 mg/dL
how to manage diabetes?
work with a health professional
eat healthy
stay active
(all of the above)
The term ___ was often applied to opioid compounds because when taken, they tend to have sedative or sleep-inducing side effects, and high doses can produce a state of unresponsiveness and stupor
narcotic
The source of the naturally occurring opioid (narcotic) analgesics is from
the opium poppy
Opioid drugs exert their analgesics effects by binding to the same receptors as
endogenous opioids (endorphins, enkephalins)
Morphine and many other powerful opioids exert their primary analgesic effects by binding to the
Mu opioid receptor
Drugs such as butorphanol, nalbuphine, and pentazocine may stimulate certain opioid receptors while blocking or only partially activating other receptors. These drugs:
a. may have fewer addictive qualities than strong opioids such as morphine
b. may produce more psychotropic effects (hallucinations, vivid dreams) than other opioids
c. may produce adequate analgesia with less risk of side effects such as respiratory depression
d. are known as mixed agonist-antagonists
e. all of the above
e. all of the above
By blocking all opioid receptors, opioid antagonists such as nalmefene and naloxone are used primarily to
treat opioid overdose
Opioid drugs exert their effects on afferent pain pathways by binding to neuronal receptors that in turn
decrease transmitter release from presynaptic terminals
Preliminary studies on animals suggest that opioids can exert analgesic effects when administered directly into peripheral tissues (e.g., injected into an inflamed joint) because
opioids may bind to receptors located on the distal (peripheral) ends of primary afferent (sensory) neurons.
When used to treat pain, opioids can be administered by all the following routes EXCEPT
a. intrathecally
b. transdermally
c. inhalation
d. intravenously
inhalation
In addition to their use as analgesics, opioid drugs can also be administered
a. as a general anesthetic
b. as a cough suppressant
c. as a preoperative medication
d. to treat severe diarrhea
e. all the above are true
e. all the above are true
Which of the following side effects is NOT associated with opioid drugs?
a. mood changes (euphoria)
b. orthostatic hypotension
c. increased respiration
d. sedation
e. constipation
c. increase respiration
Certain patients can develop “tolerance” to opioid analgesics, which is indicated by
a. the fact that the patient may still crave the drug several years after he/she has ceased taking it
b. the onset of withdrawal symptoms if the drug is suddenly discontinued
c. the need to progressively increase the dosage of the drug to achieve a therapeutic effect when the drug is used for prolonged periods
d. all the above are true
c. the need to progressively increase the dosage of the drug to achieve a therapeutic effect when the drug is used for prolonged periods
Methadone is often used to treat opioid addiction because methadone
has mild withdrawal symptoms
The onset of withdrawal symptoms (body aches, shivering, sweating, and so forth) after sudden discontinuation of opioid analgesics is an example of
physical dependence
Certain patients may fail to respond to opioids or may report increased pain (hyperalgesia) when given opioid drugs. This opioid-induced hyperalgesia is likely due to _____ in nociceptive pathways in susceptible patients.
increased activity of glutamate
NSAIDs such as aspirin exhibit all of the following effects EXCEPT
a. the ability to relieve mild-to-moderate pain (analgesia)
b. the ability to decrease the elevated body temperature associated with fever (antipyresis)
c. the ability to decrease inflammation
d. the ability to increase bronchodilation in conditions such as asthma
e. the ability to decrease blood clotting by inhibiting platelet aggregation (anticoagulation)
d. the ability to increase bronchodilation in conditions such as asthma
Aspirin and other NSAIDs exert their primary therapeutic effects by interfering with the biosynthesis of
prostaglandins
Prostaglandins are
a group of lipid-like compounds that exhibit a wide range of physiological activities
NSAIDs exert their therapeutic effects by _____ the ______ enzyme.
inhibiting; cyclooxygenase
The _____ form of the cyclooxygenase enzyme seems to be responsible for producing beneficial prostaglandins that help maintain or protect function in specific tissues such as the stomach and kidneys.
COX-1
In addition to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, it appears that regular use of low-dose aspirin may also help prevent
colorectal cancer, heart attacks, and ischemic strokes
In theory, a COX-2 selective drug such as celecoxib will be less likely to cause gastric irritation because
COX-2 drugs do not inhibit the production of beneficial prostaglandins in the stomach
Aspirin ______ be used to treat fever in children because this drug may cause _____.
should not; Reye syndrome
It has been suggested that aspirin and other NSAIDs _______ be used to treat pain following surgeries such as spinal fusion because these drugs may ______.
should not; inhibit bone healing
Several COX-2 selective inhibitors such as rofecoxib (Vioxx) and valdecoxib (Bextra) have been taken off the market because these drugs can cause serious side effects such as
heart attack and stroke
Gastric irritation caused by aspirin and other NSAIDs can be treated with
Drugs that mimic prostaglandins (PGs) such as PGE1
Histamine type 2 (H2) blockers such as cimetidine (Tagamet) and ranitidine (Zantac)
Gastric proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) such as omeprazole (Prilosec) and esomeprazole (Nexium)
Which of the following is a commonly encountered problem with the use of corticosteroids?
Hyperglycemia
The lower GI tract includes the
small and large intestines
____ occurs when nerve endings in the stomach and other parts of the body are irritated and usually precedes vomiting.
nausea
Which of the following is a gastrointestinal sign or symptom associated with strenuous exercise?
Abdominal cramping
Which of the following is the most common neurogenic cause of diarrhea?
hyperthyroidism
Which of the following medications is a common cause of constipation?
diuretics and opioids
What drugs are the most common causes of reactive gastritis?
Aspirin and NSAIDs
Which of the following is a failure to relax the smooth muscle fibers of the gastrointestinal tract?
achalasia
Which of the following is least likely to refer pain to the left shoulder?
a. A laparoscopic procedure
b. Perforation of the viscus
c. Liver cancer
d. Ruptured spleen
liver cancer
What type of hiatal hernia is the most common?
sliding
What types of exercise would increase intraabdominal pressure?
bending over
lifting
straining
One of the most common symptoms of a hiatal hernia is ________
heartburn or reflux
Which of the following exercises is contraindicated for an individual with a known hiatal hernia?
any exercise that causes Valsalva in the supine position
What is the common cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease?
Peppermint, fatty foods, citrus products (including tomatoes), spicy foods, garlic, onions
Carbonated drinks, alcohol and coffee
Nicotine or cigarette smoke
What type of medication is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease, blocks acid pumps and prevent stomach acid production?
proton pump inhibitor (PPI)
Which of the following is not considered an extraesophageal manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux disease?
heartburn
_____ occurs when the peptic ulcer erodes into adjacent organs such as the small bowel, pancreas, or liver.
penetration
_______ is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the mucosa of the colon, typically involving the rectum, which can then advance proximally in a continuous manner to involve the entire colon.
ulcerative colitis
In ulcerative colitis, intestinal lesions are usually found in which locations?
rectum and left colon
What is the most common extraintestinal finding in inflammatory bowel disease?
arthritis
What is the primary indication or desired effect of Omeprazole?
to treat gastric ulcers
Which of the following is Bisphosphonates that can treat osteoporosis?
a. Chlorpropamide
b. Alendronate
c. Lansoprazole
d. Cimetidine
b. Alendronate
what is the common cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease
cns depressants
scleroderma
estrogen therapy
(all of the above)
which of the following is the most common causes of constipation?
a. proton pump inhibitors
b. antibiotics
c. hydrocodone
d. laxative abuse
c. hydrocodone
what is the primary indication of proton pump inhibitors?
gastric ulcers
Which of the following medications is a common cause of diarrhea?
antibiotics
