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Internal Medicine Test 3 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

5 functions of the endocrine system

A
  1. splits reproductive and CNS of the fetus
  2. Stimulates sequential growth/development during puberty
  3. Coordination of reproductive systems
  4. Maintenance internal environment
  5. activated in emergencies
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2
Q

what is the main center in the brain for endocrine + autonomic nervous systems

A

hypothalamus

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3
Q

how does the hypothalamus control endocrine

A

by neural and hormonal pathways

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4
Q

what type of feedback system is the endocrine system controlled by

A

negative feedback systems

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5
Q

what is somatotropin’s target

A

bones, muscles, organs

aka growth hormone

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6
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) target

A

ovaries, seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

luteinizing hormone target

A

follicle
intestinal cells

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8
Q

prolactin (PRL; luteotropic hormone) target

A

corpus luteum
breast

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9
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) target

A

adrenal cortex

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10
Q

lipotropin (LPH) target

A

corticotropes (cells in anterior pituitary)

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11
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) target

A

melanotrope
(cells in anterior pituitary)

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12
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) target

A

distal tubules of kidney

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13
Q

oxytocin (OXT) target

A

uterus

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14
Q

what 2 hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary gland

A

antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin

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15
Q

basic action of growth hormone (somatotropin)

A

Stimulates growth and cell reproduction, releases insulin-like growth factor 1 from liver, retention of nitrogen to promote protein anabolism

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16
Q

basic action of thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

Promotes secretory activity (T3 and T4)

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17
Q

basic action of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Promotes development of ovarian follicle, secretion of estrogen (females)
and
maturation of sperm (males)

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18
Q

basic action of luteinizing hormone

A

Promotes ovulation
formation of corpus luteum
secretion of progesterone
secretion of testosterone

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19
Q

basic action of prolactin

A

Maintains corpus luteum progesterone secretion
stimulates milk production
sexual gratification after sexual activity

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20
Q

basic action of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulates secretory activity synthesis of corticosteroids

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21
Q

basic action of Lipotropin (LPH)

A

Breaks down fat (lipolysis)
stimulates melanin production

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22
Q

basic action melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Produces melanin in skin and hair

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23
Q

basic action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Reabsorption of water retention in kidneys
vasoconstriction
release ACTH in anterior pituitary

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24
Q

basic action of oxytocin (OXT)

A

Stimulates contraction (cervix, vagina, orgasm)
releases breast milk
regulates circadian rhythm (body temperature, sleep–wake cycle, activity level)

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25
Q

what type of tissue is classified as an endocrine gland

A

adipose tissue

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26
Q

how is adipose tissue an endocrine gland

A

secretes hormones

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27
Q

what are 2 main causes of endocrine system dysfunctions

A

inflammation
tumor growth (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, etc)

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28
Q

ectopic hormone production

A

hormone production of cancer cells that causes paraneoplastic syndrome

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29
Q

neuroendocrine theory of aging

A

cells are programmed to function for a given amount of time

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30
Q

clinical symptoms of endocrine/metabolic diseases

A

fatigue
muscle weakness
muscle/bone pain

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31
Q

what autoimmune disorder can be an underlying sign of endocrine disease

A

rheumatoid arthritis

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32
Q

what is a symptom of carpal tunnel syndrome that indicates an endocrine disorder rather than an overuse issue

A

CTS presents BILATERALLY

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33
Q

what hormone and gland causes acromegaly

A

growth hormone
anterior pituitary gland

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34
Q

what are the 3 hormones produced by the thyroid

A

thyroxine (t4)
triiodothyronine (t3)
calcitonin

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35
Q

what thyroid hormone(s) regulate the metabolic rate of the body and increase protein synthesis

A

T3 and T4

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36
Q

what regulates the thyroid

A

hypothalamus
pituitary

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37
Q

hyperthyroidism symptoms

A

heat intolerance
weight loss
sweating
tremors
palpitations

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38
Q

graves disease is caused by

A

hyperthyroidism

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39
Q

autoimmune condition that increases T4 production

A

graves disease

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40
Q

thyroid storm

A

acute episode of thyroid over-activity

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41
Q

what autoantibody circulates in people with graves disease

A

TSI
(they react against thyroglobulin)

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42
Q

hypothyroidism symptoms

A

slowing of metabolism, heart, GI tract, and neurological functioning
cold intolerance
anemia

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43
Q

what is type II hypothyroidism

A

the failure of the pituitary gland to synthesize and release adequate amounts of TSH
(the hormone that stimulates the thyroid)

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44
Q

what is myxedema and what is it a symptom of

A

nonpitting, boggy edema around the eyes, hands, and feet
it is a symptom of hypothyroidism

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45
Q

TSH levels are always ____ in primary hypothyroidism

A

Elevated

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46
Q

T4 levels are always ___ in primary hypothyroidism

A

decreased

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47
Q

what are the main goals of hypothyroid treatment

A

correct thyroid hormone deficiency
reverse symptoms
prevent further cardiac/arterial damage

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48
Q

what does PTH regulate

A

calcium and phosphorus metabolism

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49
Q

where are the parathyroid glands located

A

posterior surface of each thyroid gland lobe

50
Q

basic action of parathyroid hormone

A

calcium and phosphorus metabolism
calcification of bone

51
Q

what does the parathyroid hormone target

A

bone
kidney
intestinal tract

52
Q

hypoparathyroidism symptoms

A

decreased bone resorption
depressed serum calcium levels
elevated serum phosphate levels

53
Q

t/f: PTH is regulated by the pituitary and the hypothalamus

A

FALSE: PTH maintains normal blood calcium levels by increasing bone resorption and GI absorption, NOT BY PITUITARY OR HYPOTHALAMUS

54
Q

what disease could cause calcifications in the eyes and basal ganglia

A

hypoparathyroidism

55
Q

tetany

A

neuromuscular irritability that causes involuntary muscle contractions

56
Q

what are the 2 parts to the adrenal gland

A

outer cortex
inner medulla

57
Q

the outer cortex secretes what 3 hormones

A

mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
androgens

58
Q

what are mineralocorticoids what do they do

A

steroid hormones that regulate fluid and mineral balance

59
Q

what are glucocorticoids and what do they do

A

steroid hormones responsible for controlling the glucose metabolism

60
Q

what hormones does the medulla produce

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

61
Q

epinephrine + norepinephine’s basic action

A

fight or flight
increased HR
vasoconstriction
increased BP
increased blood glucose
ACTH production

62
Q

addison disease can be caused by (2)

A
  1. decreased production of cortisol
  2. aldosterone deficiency
63
Q

what are some clinical symptoms of addison disease (cortisol deficiency)

A

weak/fatigued
hypotensive
anorexic/weight loss
nausea
less resistance to stress
hypoglycemia

64
Q

in addisons disease, the drop in cortisol results in a failure to inhibit….

A

anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH

(results in a bronze/tan appearance)

65
Q

what are some clinical symptoms of addison disease (aldosterone deficiency)

A

fluid/electrolyte imbalances
sodium excretion
dehydration
hypotension
decreased heart size

66
Q

what is the hallmark of Addison disease

A

decreased serum cortisol levels

67
Q

what do PTs need to watch out for in patients with addison disease

A

not to overstress the body
dizziness, nausea, tremors

68
Q

is primary or secondary adrenal insufficiency more common

A

secondary is more common

69
Q

how can secondary adrenal insufficiency develop (3)

A
  1. steroid therapy
  2. opportunistic infections due to HIV
  3. removal of the pituitary or hypopituitarism
70
Q

what hormone is responsible for the symptoms of secondary adrenal disease

A

cortisol ONLY

71
Q

cushing syndrome cause

A

excess of cortisol in the body from either
1. hyperfunction
2. corticosteroid medication

72
Q

what hormone responds to stress and is anti-inflammatory

A

cortisol

73
Q

cortisol has a key role in ____ metabolism

A

glucose

74
Q

cushing disease cause

A

hypercortisolism due to oversecretion of ACTH from the pituitary (usually tumor on anterior pituitary gland)

75
Q

pseudo-cushing syndrome cause

A

depression, alcoholism, estrogen therapy, or eating disorders cause cushing syndrome-like symptoms

76
Q

clinical symptoms of cushing syndrome

A

hyperglycemia
hypertension
proximal muscle wasting
osteoporosis

77
Q

conn syndrome cause

A

adrenal lesion results in hypersecretion of aldosterone

78
Q

what does an excess of aldosterone do in the kidneys

A

enhances sodium reabsorption

79
Q

adipokines

A

proteins released by adipocytes after being induced by neurotransmitters and glucose

(basically the protein hormone fat produces in the body)

80
Q

adipokines act as ____ hormones locally but as ____ hormones in the bloodstream

A

autocrine
endocrine

81
Q

what is the function of adipokines

A

regulating appetite
energy expenditure
insulin sensitivity
lipid uptake

82
Q

brown fat is important for

A

thermoregulation

83
Q

white fat is responsible for

A

storage of triglycerols to provide long-term energy storage

84
Q

fat accumulation in the lower body is called _____ and results in what kind of body shape

A

subcutaneous fat
pear-shaped

85
Q

fat accumulation in the abdominal region is called _____ and results in what kind of body shape

A

visceral fat
apple shape

86
Q

what 2 anthropometric measures are more predictive of visceral fat than BMI

A

waist circumference and waist-to-height ratios

87
Q

bariatrics

A

branch of medicine concerned with the management of obesity

88
Q

normal range BMI

A

18.5-24.9

89
Q

obese BMI

A

> or = to 30

90
Q

overweight BMI for kids is in what percentile

A

85-94th percentile

91
Q

islets constitute for __% to __% of the pancreas

A

1% to 2%

92
Q

what cells produce and secrete insulin

A

beta cells

93
Q

type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

insulin-dependent

94
Q

type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

insulin resistant

95
Q

is type I or type II diabetes more common

A

type II

96
Q

is type I or type II diabetes autoimmune

A

type I

97
Q

diabesity

A

obesity-dependent diabetes in childhood

98
Q

when does gestational diabetes occur

A

24-28 weeks of gestation

99
Q

what % of pregnancies are accompanies with gestational diabetes

A

8%

100
Q

A1C % in prediabetes

A

5.7-6.4%

101
Q

fasting blood sugar test levels in prediabetes

A

100-125 mg/dL

102
Q

glucose tolerance test levels in prediabetes

A

140-199 mg/dL

103
Q

what does A1C measure

A

the percent of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin

104
Q

__% of the adult population in Texas have diabetes and __% have prediabetes

A

12.4%
34%

105
Q

what causes type I diabetes

A

autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, which results in a lack of insulin

106
Q

3 steps to diabetes

A
  1. insulin resistance
  2. hyperglycemia
  3. beta cell dysfunction
107
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urination

108
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

109
Q

polyphagia

A

excessive hunger

110
Q

5 main complications with type 2 diabetes

A

blindness
kidney failure
heart disease
stroke
loss of toes, feet, or legs

111
Q

macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes

A

affecting arteries that supply heart, brain, and lower extremities

112
Q

microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes

A

retina
renal glomerulus
peripheral nerve

113
Q

hypoglycemia symptoms

A

shallow breathing
tachycardia
shaky/hungry/dizzy

114
Q

hyperglycemia symptoms

A

dry
weak
fruity breath
thirst

115
Q

which type of diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mostly found in

A

type I

116
Q

the triad of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A
  1. hyperglycemia
  2. acidosis
  3. ketosis
117
Q

what are the ABC levels to be controlled when treating type II diabetes (and the values)

A

A1C = less than 7%
BP = less than 130/80
cholesterol = less than 100 LDL, more than 50 HDL, less than 150 triglycerides

118
Q

what type of insulin does not have a peak response

A

long-acting insulin

119
Q

type II diabetes raises a person’s risk of dying from heart disease by ___ to ____x

A

2-3x

120
Q

__% of myocardial infarctions and ___% of strokes are attributable to diabetes

A

50%
75%

Internal Medicine Test 3 (5 decks)

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