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Internal Medicine Test 3 > gastrointestinal system > Flashcards

gastrointestinal system Flashcards

1
Q

contents of the upper GI tract

A

mouth
esophagus
stomach
duodenum

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2
Q

contents of lower GI tract

A

small intestine
large intestine

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3
Q

what is the small intestine’s job

A

digestion and absorption of nutrients

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4
Q

what is the large intestine’s job

A

absorbs water and electrolytes
stores waste products of digestion until elimination

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5
Q

enteric nervous system

A

the “second brain” in the gut

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6
Q

the gut immune system has ____% to ___% of the body’s immune cells

A

70% to 80%

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7
Q

what are the 3 most common GI problems in older adults

A

constipation
incontinence
diverticular disease

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8
Q

hiatal hernia

A

esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm becomes enlarged which causes the stomach to poke through into the thoracic cavity

(basically stomach squeezes into thoracic cavity)

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9
Q

are sliding hernias or rolling hernias more common

A

sliding hernias

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10
Q

____% of people over 60 have hiatal hernias

A

60%

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11
Q

what is the main symptom of having a hiatal hernia

A

Reflux –> causes heart burn

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12
Q

what structure is most involved in heart burn

A

incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

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13
Q

valsalva maneuver

A

breath technique that increases intraabdominal pressure

(think about bracing abs when lifting)

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14
Q

post-prandial heartburn

A

heart burn shortly after eating (typically 30-60 mins)

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15
Q

what is GERD

A

backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus (reflux) typically due to the esophageal sphincter being open

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16
Q

foods that increase GERD incidence

A
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17
Q

____% to ___% of adults have GERD

A

10% to 20%

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18
Q

what are the 2 main causes of GERD

A
  1. decreased pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter
  2. gastric contents near junction (typically from increased intraabdominal pressure)
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19
Q

3 barriers in healthy people that prevent GERD

A
  1. anatomic barriers in tact
  2. mechanisms that clear stomach acid from esophagus
  3. maintaining stomach acidity & volume
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20
Q

3 extra-esophageal manifestations of GERD

A

asthma
cough
laryngitis

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21
Q

what are the 2 recommended sleeping positions for patients with GERD

A

supine
left side-lying

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22
Q

what is peptic ulcer disease

A

a break in the lining of the stomach or duodenum of 5mm or more

23
Q

what are the 2 most common ways of developing peptic ulcer disease

A
  1. NSAID medications
  2. H. pylori bacterial infection
24
Q

what are the main symptoms of a peptic ulcer

A

epigastric pain
burning, gnawing, cramping near xiphoid or radiating to the back

25
Q

4 main complications of peptic ulcers

A
  1. bleeding
  2. perforation
  3. penetration
  4. gastric outlet obstruction
26
Q

Crohn disease

A

chronic inflammatory disorder that can affect any segment of the intestinal tract (most commonly ileum and/or colon)

27
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammatory disorder of the mucosa of the colon and rectum

28
Q

age at onset of crohn disease vs ulcerative colitis

A

crohn:10-30 years
ulc: 10-40 years

29
Q

family history of crohn disease vs ulcerative colitis

A

20-25% (c)
20% (u)

30
Q

granulomas, thickened bowel wall, fissures, and narrowed lumen are common in _______ (crohn or ulcerative)

A

crohn disease

31
Q

inflammation of just the mucosal layer is involved is most common in _______ (crohn or ulcerative)

A

ulcerative

32
Q

location of lesions mostly on rectum and left colon are common in _______ (crohn or ulcerative)

A

ulcerative

33
Q

where does an abdominal mass form in crohn disease

A

right lower quadrant

34
Q

does growth retartation occur in crohn disease or ulcerative colitis

A

crohn disease

35
Q

does crohn disease or ulcerative colitis typically have bloody stools

A

ulcerative colitis

36
Q

does crohn disease or ulcerative colitis commonly have a cancer association

A

ulcerative colitis

37
Q

diverticulosis

A

the presence of out pouching in the wall of the colon or small intestine

38
Q

diverticulitis

A

inflammation/infection of the diverticula

39
Q

diverticular disease is asymptomatic in ___% of affected people

A

80%

40
Q

in complicated diverticular disease, what develops with the bladder

A

fistula

41
Q

what exercises should be avoided in patients with diverticular disease

A

increased intraabdominal pressure

42
Q

risk factors of diverticular disease

A

constipation
physical inactivity
eating red meat
obesity
smoking

43
Q

pneumaturia

A

air in the urine

44
Q

fecaluria

A

urine in the stool

45
Q

what referred pain can be present in diverticular disease

A

back pain
referred hip/thigh pain

46
Q

what age and what gender is most susceptible to appendicitis

A

15-19
males

47
Q

1/3 appendicitis cases are caused by

A

an obstruction that prevents normal drainage

48
Q

what structure of the appendix is primarily obstructed

A

lumen

49
Q

where will the pain be for appendicitis

A

lower right quadrant with tenderness

50
Q

40-50% of appendicitis cases are atypical because

A

the position of the tip of the appendix

51
Q

symptoms of appendicitis

A

abdominal pain
nausea/vomiting
low-grade fever

Referred pain:
thigh
groin
pelvic
hip

52
Q

rectal fissure

A

ulceration/tear of the lining in the anal canal

53
Q

what part of the anal canal is typically torn in a rectal fissure

A

posterior wall

54
Q

how do hemorrhoids typically develop

A

through anything that increases intraabdominal pressure

Internal Medicine Test 3 (5 decks)

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