gastrointestinal system Flashcards
contents of the upper GI tract
mouth
esophagus
stomach
duodenum
contents of lower GI tract
small intestine
large intestine
what is the small intestine’s job
digestion and absorption of nutrients
what is the large intestine’s job
absorbs water and electrolytes
stores waste products of digestion until elimination
enteric nervous system
the “second brain” in the gut
the gut immune system has ____% to ___% of the body’s immune cells
70% to 80%
what are the 3 most common GI problems in older adults
constipation
incontinence
diverticular disease
hiatal hernia
esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm becomes enlarged which causes the stomach to poke through into the thoracic cavity
(basically stomach squeezes into thoracic cavity)
are sliding hernias or rolling hernias more common
sliding hernias
____% of people over 60 have hiatal hernias
60%
what is the main symptom of having a hiatal hernia
Reflux –> causes heart burn
what structure is most involved in heart burn
incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
valsalva maneuver
breath technique that increases intraabdominal pressure
(think about bracing abs when lifting)
post-prandial heartburn
heart burn shortly after eating (typically 30-60 mins)
what is GERD
backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus (reflux) typically due to the esophageal sphincter being open
foods that increase GERD incidence
____% to ___% of adults have GERD
10% to 20%
what are the 2 main causes of GERD
- decreased pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter
- gastric contents near junction (typically from increased intraabdominal pressure)
3 barriers in healthy people that prevent GERD
- anatomic barriers in tact
- mechanisms that clear stomach acid from esophagus
- maintaining stomach acidity & volume
3 extra-esophageal manifestations of GERD
asthma
cough
laryngitis
what are the 2 recommended sleeping positions for patients with GERD
supine
left side-lying
what is peptic ulcer disease
a break in the lining of the stomach or duodenum of 5mm or more
what are the 2 most common ways of developing peptic ulcer disease
- NSAID medications
- H. pylori bacterial infection
what are the main symptoms of a peptic ulcer
epigastric pain
burning, gnawing, cramping near xiphoid or radiating to the back
4 main complications of peptic ulcers
- bleeding
- perforation
- penetration
- gastric outlet obstruction
Crohn disease
chronic inflammatory disorder that can affect any segment of the intestinal tract (most commonly ileum and/or colon)
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammatory disorder of the mucosa of the colon and rectum
age at onset of crohn disease vs ulcerative colitis
crohn:10-30 years
ulc: 10-40 years
family history of crohn disease vs ulcerative colitis
20-25% (c)
20% (u)
granulomas, thickened bowel wall, fissures, and narrowed lumen are common in _______ (crohn or ulcerative)
crohn disease
inflammation of just the mucosal layer is involved is most common in _______ (crohn or ulcerative)
ulcerative
location of lesions mostly on rectum and left colon are common in _______ (crohn or ulcerative)
ulcerative
where does an abdominal mass form in crohn disease
right lower quadrant
does growth retartation occur in crohn disease or ulcerative colitis
crohn disease
does crohn disease or ulcerative colitis typically have bloody stools
ulcerative colitis
does crohn disease or ulcerative colitis commonly have a cancer association
ulcerative colitis
diverticulosis
the presence of out pouching in the wall of the colon or small intestine
diverticulitis
inflammation/infection of the diverticula
diverticular disease is asymptomatic in ___% of affected people
80%
in complicated diverticular disease, what develops with the bladder
fistula
what exercises should be avoided in patients with diverticular disease
increased intraabdominal pressure
risk factors of diverticular disease
constipation
physical inactivity
eating red meat
obesity
smoking
pneumaturia
air in the urine
fecaluria
urine in the stool
what referred pain can be present in diverticular disease
back pain
referred hip/thigh pain
what age and what gender is most susceptible to appendicitis
15-19
males
1/3 appendicitis cases are caused by
an obstruction that prevents normal drainage
what structure of the appendix is primarily obstructed
lumen
where will the pain be for appendicitis
lower right quadrant with tenderness
40-50% of appendicitis cases are atypical because
the position of the tip of the appendix
symptoms of appendicitis
abdominal pain
nausea/vomiting
low-grade fever
Referred pain:
thigh
groin
pelvic
hip
rectal fissure
ulceration/tear of the lining in the anal canal
what part of the anal canal is typically torn in a rectal fissure
posterior wall
how do hemorrhoids typically develop
through anything that increases intraabdominal pressure
