Quiz And Exam Questions Flashcards
How does DNA structure relate to its function?
The double helix structure held together by relatively weak hydrogen bonds allows it to serve the function of a template for both DNA and RNA both required roles of genetic information.
What is a reasonable size for a gut epithelial cell?
100 micrometers.
Alcohols acids and based are functional group found in organic molecules. What is their purpose?
C-H bonds are non polar meaning that they can’t interact with the mostly polar water environment. Additions of function groups allow most organic molecules to interact with water.
Describe the type of monomer and bond found in either proteins nucleic acids or carbohydrates.
Proteins- AAs, peptide bonds
Nucleic acids- nucleotides, phostphodiester
Carbohydrates-sugars, glycosidic
Name one of the modifications that need to happen to the primary transcript before it can serve as mRNA
5’ cap- tells the ribosome which end of the transcript to read from.
PolyA tail- stability during export
Splicing-remove introns that do not contain information for protein synthesis.
Briefly explain why the amino acid change from glycine to aspiric acid would result in a protein function change
They have different R groups. This difference would probably affect the shape of the protein and therefore it’s structure.
Would you expect saturated or unsaturated fats to be more likely to clog arteries?
Saturated. They don’t have double bonds bonds meaning that they can pack more tightly together and can solidify more easily.
Solute A crosses across the membrane by facilitated diffusion. What does this suggest about its chemical properties?
Solute a is probably an ion
Which molecule contains more chemical energy, pyre ate or lactate?
Lactate, it has one more high energy C-H bond than pyruvate.
Explain how ATP and PFK create a feedback process? Biologically not mechanistic ally
When ATP provides feedback it is an indicator that there is plenty of ATP around. Since PFK unctions in a pathway that produces ATP the biological response that makes sence is for ATP to inhibit the enzymes activity.
How does the binding of ATP to PFK allosterically change in activity of the enzyme?
When it binds allosterically, it changes the shape of the active site, making it either a better fit, or making it not fit ant all.
What are the roles of ATP and NADPH in the cLvin cycle
ATP is mostly used to regerste RuBP
NADPH serves as the electron donor to reduce co bond to ch bond
What type of signaling is insulin
Endocrine.
How is insulins presence transduced to the inside of the cell?
There is a conformational change of the receptor, since it’s an rtk receptor, two monomers will join to create a dimer and phosphorylate the intercellular portion of the protein
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter. When it binds ions enter the cell. What class of receptor is it using?
Ligand gated ion channels
What prevents energetically favorable reactions from occurring at an efficient rate?
Need to overcome activation energy barrier to break bonds.
Explain one role of vitamins in enzymatic reactions.
They are organic cofactors used to increase efficiency.
At wht step is O2 generated during photosynthesis
When ps2 loses it’s electron and replaces it by splitting h2o
What are two ways in which intermediate filaments differ from Mts and Mfs
They Are not dynamic and they don’t use motor proteins.
Hat are two fusions of motor proteins?
Carry cargo along micro tubules. And can contract to cause movement.
Describe two activities that occur during gap phase
Growth and checkpoint
Name the two specific membranes that ATP synthase is found in in plant cell
Thylakoids membrane and inner membrane of the mitochondria.
What’s one mechanism cells use to go Fro. g1 phase begin to enter s phase
Cyclins control progression through cell cycle
What do the following things do? RNA primase DNA helicase DNA ligase Ssb
Creates primer
Breaks h bonds
Seals Okazaki fragments
Prevents h bonds from reforming.
