Quiz 9 Flashcards
What is the difference between opioid agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists?
Agonists fully activate opioid receptors, partial agonists partially activate them, and antagonists block receptor activity.
How does the route of administration affect the addictiveness of opioids?
Faster routes increase addictiveness due to rapid onset of effects.
What is opioid tolerance?
A reduced effect of the drug over time, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect.
What are key symptoms of opioid withdrawal?
Anxiety, nausea, sweating, diarrhea, muscle pain, and insomnia.
What are the main opioid receptors and their roles?
Mu (μ): Pain relief, euphoria, respiratory depression.
Delta (δ): Mood regulation, analgesia.
Kappa (κ): Dysphoria, sedation, spinal analgesia.
NOP receptor: Regulates pain, mood, and tolerance without typical opioid effects.
What are endorphins?
Endogenous peptides that bind to opioid receptors and reduce pain.
How do opioids impact the reward pathway?
They inhibit GABAergic interneurons, reducing inhibition on dopamine release in the reward pathway.
What are the three levels of pain inhibition by opioids?
Spinal interneurons: Block pain signals in the spinal cord.
Periaqueductal gray (PAG): Activates descending pain modulatory pathways.
Cortical sites: Reduces emotional perception of pain.
WHAT ARE TWO STAGES OF OPIOD ADDICTION TREATMENT?
Detoxification: Gradual withdrawal or medication-assisted detox.
Long-term treatment: Methadone, buprenorphine, or naltrexone to prevent relapse.
What plant is cocaine derived from?
The coca plant.
Why was cocaine popular globally until the 1900s?
It was used in tonics, medications, and even Coca-Cola as a stimulant.
What are the two main forms of modern cocaine?
Hydrochloride salt: Snorted or dissolved for injection.
Crack (freebase): Smoked for rapid effects.
What are the common behavioral effects of cocaine?
Euphoria, energy, self-confidence, and focused stereotypies.
What distinguishes mild from severe effects of cocaine?
Mild: Euphoria, increased energy.
Severe: Aggression, paranoia, cardiac issues.
What are severe sympathomimetic effects of cocaine?
Heart failure, stroke, or hemorrhage.