Quiz 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between opioid agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists?

A

Agonists fully activate opioid receptors, partial agonists partially activate them, and antagonists block receptor activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does the route of administration affect the addictiveness of opioids?

A

Faster routes increase addictiveness due to rapid onset of effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is opioid tolerance?

A

A reduced effect of the drug over time, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are key symptoms of opioid withdrawal?

A

Anxiety, nausea, sweating, diarrhea, muscle pain, and insomnia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the main opioid receptors and their roles?

A

Mu (μ): Pain relief, euphoria, respiratory depression.
Delta (δ): Mood regulation, analgesia.
Kappa (κ): Dysphoria, sedation, spinal analgesia.
NOP receptor: Regulates pain, mood, and tolerance without typical opioid effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are endorphins?

A

Endogenous peptides that bind to opioid receptors and reduce pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do opioids impact the reward pathway?

A

They inhibit GABAergic interneurons, reducing inhibition on dopamine release in the reward pathway.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three levels of pain inhibition by opioids?

A

Spinal interneurons: Block pain signals in the spinal cord.
Periaqueductal gray (PAG): Activates descending pain modulatory pathways.
Cortical sites: Reduces emotional perception of pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

WHAT ARE TWO STAGES OF OPIOD ADDICTION TREATMENT?

A

Detoxification: Gradual withdrawal or medication-assisted detox.
Long-term treatment: Methadone, buprenorphine, or naltrexone to prevent relapse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What plant is cocaine derived from?

A

The coca plant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why was cocaine popular globally until the 1900s?

A

It was used in tonics, medications, and even Coca-Cola as a stimulant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two main forms of modern cocaine?

A

Hydrochloride salt: Snorted or dissolved for injection.
Crack (freebase): Smoked for rapid effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the common behavioral effects of cocaine?

A

Euphoria, energy, self-confidence, and focused stereotypies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What distinguishes mild from severe effects of cocaine?

A

Mild: Euphoria, increased energy.
Severe: Aggression, paranoia, cardiac issues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are severe sympathomimetic effects of cocaine?

A

Heart failure, stroke, or hemorrhage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does cocaine act as a local anesthetic?

A

It blocks sodium channels, preventing nerve signal transmission.