Quiz 8 Flashcards
What is the primary pharmacokinetic property of alcohol that affects its movement in the body?
Alcohol is absorbed quickly in the stomach and intestines and metabolized in the liver.
What is cross-tolerance with alcohol?
Tolerance to alcohol causes tolerance to a different drug.
What are the different timings of alcohol tolerance?
Acute tolerance (develops within a single drinking session), chronic tolerance (develops with repeated use), and metabolic tolerance (due to increased enzyme activity).
What mechanisms underlie alcohol tolerance?
Changes in neurotransmitter systems, receptor downregulation, and metabolic enzyme upregulation.
What is rebound withdrawal?
A temporary increase in symptoms that were suppressed during alcohol use, such as anxiety and irritability.
What is delirium tremens (DTs)?
A severe form of alcohol withdrawal that includes hallucinations, confusion, and tremors, which can be life-threatening.
What causes a hangover?
Dehydration, immune response, and the buildup of alcohol metabolites like acetaldehyde.
How does alcohol reduce brain activity?
By decreasing glutamate activity and increasing GABA activity.
How does alcohol increase reward?
Through the release of dopamine and opioid peptides.
What are some non-neurotransmitter based effects of alcohol?
Effects on the liver, cardiovascular system, and increased oxidative stress.
What are common patterns of alcoholism?
Continuous inebriation and binge drinking.
Why is alcoholism common among students?
Due to social pressures, stress, and binge drinking culture.
What is symptomatic drinking?
Drinking as a way to cope with psychological or emotional issues.
What role do denial and enablers play in alcoholism?
They can prevent individuals from seeking or accepting help for alcohol dependence.
What are long-term treatments for alcoholism?
Psychosocial rehabilitation, pharmacotherapy, and combination treatment.
Why is detoxification critical in alcohol treatment?
It helps safely manage withdrawal symptoms and prevent severe complications.
From what plant is opium derived?
The opium poppy.
What are the historical uses of opium?
Used for pain relief, recreational purposes, and in traditional medicine for centuries.
What is the difference between opiates and opioids?
Opiates are natural derivatives of opium, while opioids include synthetic and semi-synthetic drugs that act on opioid receptors.
What is analgesia in the context of opioids?
The pain-relieving effect produced by opioids.
What are the effects of low/mid-level doses of opioids?
Pain relief, drowsiness, and mild euphoria.
What are the effects of high doses of opioids?
Intense euphoria, sedation, and respiratory depression.
What are the gastrointestinal effects of opioids?
Constipation and nausea.
