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FSU HUN 1201 > Quiz 8 (ch 11 & some of ch 12) > Flashcards

Quiz 8 (ch 11 & some of ch 12) Flashcards

1
Q

phosphorus

A

an essential component of all cells, found in both plants and animals

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2
Q

phosphate

A

the major intracellular negatively charged electrolyte

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3
Q

functions of phosphorus

A

critical in bone formation
required for proper fluid balance
component of ATP, DNA, and membranes

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4
Q

sources of phosphorus

A

high in protein-containing foods such as milk, meats, eggs
in processed foods as a food additive: smoothness, binding, and moisture retention
in soft drinks as phosphoric acid (milk-displacement effect)

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5
Q

toxicity and deficiency of phosphorus

A

toxicity: muscle spasm and convulsions, seizures
Deficiency: rare in adults, can occur in alcohol abuse, premature infants, and elderly people with poor diets

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6
Q

Magnesium

A

kidneys regulate blood magnesium levels

excess excreted in urine

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7
Q

functions of magnesium

A

influences the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals
Mg2+ cofactor for over 300 enzyme systems
necessary for the production of ATP, DNA, and proteins
Supports vitamin D metabolism, muscle contraction, and blood clotting

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8
Q

RDA for magnesium

A

women 19-30 yr: 310mg/day
women >30yr: 320mg/day
men 19-30yr: 400 mg/day
men >30yr: 420mg/day

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9
Q

sources of magnesium

A

green leafy vegetables, whole grains, seeds, nuts, seafood, beans, some dietary products
dietary protein enhances absorption and retention
phytates and fiber decrease the absoprtion

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10
Q

magnesium toxicity

A

Excess supplements cause nausea, diarrhea, cramps, dehydration, acid–base imbalances
hypermagnesemia

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11
Q

hypermagnesemia

A

Hypermagnesemia occurs in individuals with impaired kidney function

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12
Q

magnesium deficiency

A

Hypomagnesemia

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13
Q

hypomagnesemia

A

results in hypocalcemia

; associated with osteoporosis, heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes

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14
Q

fluoride

A

trace mineral

stored in teeth and bones

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15
Q

functions of fluoride

A

develop and maintain teeth and bones

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16
Q

Recommended intake of Fluoride

A

AI varies by gender and increases with age, ranging from 1 to 4 mg/day

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17
Q

Sources of fluoride

A 
fluoridated dental products
fluoridated water (not in bottled water)
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18
Q

fluoride toxicity

A

fluorosis

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19
Q

fluorosis

A

excess fluoride
increased protein content of tooth enamel and makes teeth porous; teeth become stained and pitted but free of dental caries

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20
Q

fluoride deficiency

A

dental caries (cavities)

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21
Q

osteoporosis

A

A disease characterized by:
Low bone mass
Deterioration of bone tissue
Fragile bones leading tobone-fracture risk

Compression of bone:
decreased height and disfigured

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22
Q

kyphosis (Dowager’s hump)

A

shortening and hunching of the spine

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23
Q

risk factors for osteoporosis – age

A 
menopause: rate of loss increases to 3%/year
Men: higher absolute bone density
80% of those in US are women!
Smoking**
Poor nutrition
Physical inactivity
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24
Q

modifiable risk factors

A 
smoking
low body weight
low calcium intake
low sun exposure
alcohol abuse
history of amenorrhea
estrogen deficiency
testosterone deficiency
repeated falls
sedentary lifestyle
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25
Q

nonmodifiable risk factors

A 
older age
caucasian or asian race
history of fractures as an adult
family history of osetoporosis
female
history of amenorrhea w/ no recognizable cause
26
Q

osetoporosis – age

A

bone mass decreases with age
age-related hormonal (estrogen and testosterone) changes influence bone density
decreased vitamin D metabolism with age

27
Q

osteoporosis – gender

A

adult women have lower bone density than men

low estrogen production

28
Q

osteoporosis – smoking and poor nutrition

A

cigarette smoking
alcoholism
increase in urinary calcium loss (caffeine, higher intake of sodium)
dietary protein and calcium interaction
low calcium and vitamin D intakes (result in low bone density)

29
Q

osteoporosis – physical inactivity

A

Regular exercise stresses bone tissues, stimulates
bone density
Weight-bearing activities (walking, jogging) are helpful in increasing bone mass
Female Athlete Triad

30
Q

female athlete triad

A

Low energy availability (with or without eating disorders)
Amenorrhea: hormonal changes (estrogen reduction) result in loss of menstruation
Osteoporosis

31
Q

treatment for osteoporosis

A 
Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake
Regular exercise (weight-bearing)
Medications:
Anti-resorptive medications
-- Bisphosphonates (Fosamax)
Anabolic medications
-- Parathyroid hormone
32
Q

functions of blood

A

transports nutrients and oxygen (RBC) to cells

removes waste products generated from metabolism

33
Q

erythrocytes

A

red cells transport oxygen through the body

34
Q

leukocytes

A

white cells are key to our immune system

35
Q

platelets

A

cell fragments assist in blood clotting

36
Q

plasma

A

fluid portion of the blood maintains adequate blood volume

37
Q

nutrients maintain healthy blood (6)

A 
iron
zinc
copper
vitamin K
folate
vitamin B12
38
Q

iron

A

trace mineral
component of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin and myoglobin (muscle)
component of cytochromes, elctron carriers within the metabolic pathways for energy production from carbohydrates, fats, and protein

39
Q

factors that alter iron digestion/absorption

A 
individual's iron status
level of dietary iron consumption
type of iron in foods
amount of HCL for digestion
dietary factors enhance or inhibit absorption
40
Q

heme iron

A

found only in animal-based food

more absorbable

41
Q

non-heme iron

A

not as easily absorbed

42
Q

factors that promote iron absorption

A

meat factor (fat-free meat content)
stomach acids
vitamin C

43
Q

factors that impair iron absorption

A

phytate (legumes, rice, and whole grains)
polyphenols (oregano, red wine, tea, coffee)
vegetable proteins
fiber
calcium

44
Q

bioavailability of iron

A

from vegan diet - 10%

typical diet - 14-18%

45
Q

iron RDA

A

8mg/day adult men
18mg/day adult women (19-50)
27mg/day for pregnant women

46
Q

sources of iron

A

meat, poultry, fish, clams, oysters, liver, enriched or fortified cereals and breads
supplements

47
Q

circumstances that improve iron status

A

use of oral contraceptives
breast feeding
consumption of iron-containing foods and supplements

48
Q

circumstances that diminish iron status

A 
use of hormone replacement therapy
eating a vegetarian diet
intestinal parasite infection
blood donation
intense endurance exercise training
49
Q

iron toxicity

A

accidental overdose: most common cause of poisoning deaths in children
symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
hemochromatosis

50
Q

hemochromatosis

A

excessive absorption of dietary iron and altered iron storage
Treatment: reduce dietary iron, avoid high vitamin C intake, blood removal

51
Q

iron deficiency

A

most common nutrient deficiency in the world
high risk: infants, young children, adolescent girls, premenopausal and pregnant women
poor dietary intakes
iron losses in blood and sweat
diets high in fiber of phytates that bind iron
low HCL
poor iron absorption

52
Q

stage I, iron depletion

A

decreased iron stores
reduced ferritin level
no physical symptoms

53
Q

stage II, iron-deficiency erythropoiesis

A

decreased iron transport
reduced transferrin
reduced production of heme
physical symptoms include reduced work capacity

54
Q

stage III, iron-deficiency anemia

A

decreased production of normal RBCs
reduced production of heme
inadequate hemoglobin to transport oxygen
symptoms include pale skin, fatigue, reduced work performance, impaired immune and cognitive functions

55
Q

zinc

A

trace mineral

56
Q

functions of zinc

A

component of enzymes (heme synthesis)
maintain structural integrity and shape of proteins
assist in regulating gene expression

57
Q

dietary factors inhibit zinc absorption

A

high non-heme iron intake

phytates and fiber

58
Q

dietary factors enhances zinc absorption

A

animal-based protein

59
Q

zinc RDA

A

8mg/day women

11mg/day men

60
Q

sources of zinc

A

red meats
some seafood
whole grains
enriched grains and cereals

61
Q

zinc toxicity

A

Toxicity can occur from supplements
Symptoms: intestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting
Depressed immune function
Decreased high-density lipoprotein concentrations
Interference with copper and iron absorption.

62
Q

zinc deficiency

A

Deficiencies are uncommon in the United States

Symptoms: growth retardation, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation, hair loss, impaired appetite, infections

FSU HUN 1201 (6 decks)

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