Quiz 5 (ch 7.5, Ch 8) Flashcards
A, D E K Readily stores in the body's adipose tissue Toxic when taken in excess Megadosing >10 X recommended intake From supplements, not food
Fat soluble vitamins
Carbon containing compounds that regulate a wide range of body processes
Vitamins
Toxicity: blurred vision
Deficiency: night blindness
Vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid)
Toxicity: hypercalcemia
Deficiency: rickets in children, osteoporosis and/or osteomalacia in adults
Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
Toxicity: rare
Deficiency: hemolytic anemia, impairment of nerve, muscle, and immune function
Vitamin E (tocopherol)
Toxicity: none known
Deficiency: impaired blood clotting
Vitamin K (phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione)
Water soluble vitamins (9)
Consumed on daily/weekly basis
Deficiency symptoms can arise quickly
Not stored in large amounts
Vitamin C Thiamin (B1) Riboflavin (b2) Niacin (b3) Vitamin B6 Vitamin b12 Folate Pantothenic acid B5 Biotin
Naturally occurring inorganic substances
Not digested or broken down
Minerals
Toxicity: none known
Deficiency: beriberi
Thiamin (B1)
Toxicity: none known
Deficiency: ariboflavinosis
Riboflavin vitamin b2
Toxicity: flushing, liver damage, glucose intolerance, blurred vision differentiation
Deficiency: pellagra
Niacin
Toxicity: nerve damage, skin lesions
Deficiency: anemia, seborrheic dermatitis
Vitamin B6
Toxicity: masks symptoms of vitamin b12 deficiency, specifically signs of nerve damage
Deficiency: macrocytic anemia
Folate
Toxicity: none known
Deficiency: pernicious anemia, tingling and numbness of extremities
Vitamin B12 cobalamin
Toxicity: none known
Deficiency: rare
Pantothenic acid
Biotin
Toxicity: nausea and diarrhea
Deficiency: scurvy, bone pain and fractures
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
Major minerals (7)
At least 100 my per day
Store >5g in the body
Sodium Potassium Phosphorus Chloride Calcium Magnesium Sulfur
(SSPPCCM)
Trace minerals (8)
Less than 100mg per day
Store <5g in the body
Selenium Copper Fluoride Iodine Chromium Manganese Iron Zinc
Toxicity: high blood pressure
Deficiency: muscle cramps
Sodium
Toxicity: muscle weakness, irregular heartbeat
Deficiency: same, plus paralysis
Potassium
Toxicity: muscle spasms, convulsions, low blood calcium
Deficiency: muscle damage, bone pain
Phosphorus
Only in meat, fish, and poultry
Heme
Plant and animal foods, iron fortified foods, supplements
Absorb about 25%
Non-heme
Toxicity: none known
Deficiency: dangerous blood acid-base imbalances, irregular heartbeat
Chloride
Toxicity: mineral and balances, shock, kidney failure, fatigue, mental confusion
Deficiency: osteoporosis, convulsions, heart failure
calcium
Toxicity: none known
Deficiency: low blood calcium, muscle spasms or seizures, nausea, weakness, increased risk for chronic diseases (such as heart disease, hypertension, osteoporosis, and type two diabetes)
Magnesium
Toxicity: none known
Deficiency: none known
Sulfur
Toxicity: brittle hair and nails, skin rashes, nausea and vomiting, weakness, liver disease
Deficiency: specific forms of heart disease and arthritis, impaired immune function, muscle pain and wasting, depression, hostility
Selenium
Toxicity: fluorosis of teeth and bones
Deficiency: dental caries, low bone density
Fluoride
Toxicity: goiter
Deficiency: goiter,hyperthyroidism, cretinism in infant of mother who is iodine deficient
Iodine
Toxicity: none known
Deficiency: elevated blood glucose and blood lipids, damage to bring in nervous system
Chromium
Toxicity: impairment of Nero muscular system
Deficiency: impaired growth and reproductive function, reduce bone density, impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, skin rash
Manganese
Toxicity: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; dizziness and confusion: rapid heartbeat; organ damage; death
Deficiency: iron deficiency microcytic anemia (small red blood cells), hypochromic anemia
Iron
Toxicity: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; headaches; depressed immune function; reduced absorption of copper
Deficiency: growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, eye and skin lesions, hair loss, increased incidence of illness and infection
Zinc
Toxicity: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; liver damage
Deficiency: anemia, reduce levels of white blood cells, osteoporosis in infants and growing children
Copper
(Tea, spinach) decrease zinc and iron absorption
Oxalic acid
Combine with other substances
Phosphorylation occurs
Combinations activate the vitamin then the compound is needed
As a result vitamins help regulate metabolic pathways
B vitamins
Easier to develop a toxic overload from supplements than food
So micronutrients consumed as supplements may be harmful to health example a, C, E
Most minerals have better absorption from animal sources versus supplements
In most cases food is better
Micronutrient metabolism
Vitamin C and cataract Vitamin D and colon cancer Vitamin E and complication of diabetes Vitamin K and osteoporosis Calcium and hypertension Chromium and type two diabetes Magnesium and muscle wasting and older adults Selenium and certain types of cancer
Prevent or treat disease
Some vitamin like factors and trace minerals may have beneficial health effects, such as:
Carnitine, boron, nickel, silicon
Do not directly provide energy
Needed for generating energy from macronutrients
B complex vitamins are particularly important in the system energy metabolism
Often function as coenzyme
Excess amounts excreted in urine or kidney
Vitamins and minerals in energy metabolism
Thiamine coenzyme
TPP
Riboflavin coenzymes
FAD
FMN
Niacin coenzymes
NAD
NADP
Vitamin B6 coenzyme
PLP
Folate coenzyme
THF
Pantothenic Acid coenzyme
CoA
Biotin coenzyme
Biotin
Vitamin B12 coenzyme
b12
Organic molecule need it for enzyme activity, has carbon
Coenzyme
Coenzymes that function primarily in energy metabolism
Thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin
Coenzymes that function and cell regeneration and red blood cells synthesis
Folate and vitamin B12
Metabolism of carbohydrates and branched chain amino acids
Assist in production of DNA and RNA and synthesis of neurotransmitters
Good sources: pork products, sunflower seeds, beans, whole or enriched grains
Thiamin vitamin B 1
Combination of three enzymes
Conversion of pyruvate acetyl CoA
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Most important coenzyme
Thiamin pyrophosphate
Main sources of thiamin
Meats and grains
Involved in oxidation-reduction reactions
Part of coenzyme glutathione peroxidase (antioxidant)
Light sensitive
Ariboflavinosis: B2 deficiency; sore throat, swollen mucous membranes
1.3 mg per day (men); 1.1 mg per day (women)
Succinic and fumaric acid
Vitami B2 (riboflavin)
Main sources of riboflavin (vitamin B2)
Meats and enriched foods, dairy
Two forms: nicotinic acid in Nicotinide Required for oxidation reduction reactions of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats (NADH, NAD) Can be made from amino acid tryptophan Pellagra 16 mg (many); 14 mg (women,)
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Main sources of niacin
Meats and enriched grains
Group of three related compounds
Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism and gluconeogenesis
Necessary for metabolism of homocysteine
Associated with higher cardiovascular disease risk
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Main sources of pyridoxine
Garbanzo beans
Works with enzymes are critical for DNA synthesis, so differentiation, amino acid metabolism, and repair damage cells
Special role in embryo development
Folate
Main sources of folate
Grains, legumes
Includes a number of compounds that have a cobalamin center surrounded by a ring structure
Works with coenzymes to assist D in a synthesis; essential for nervous system functioning
Vitamin B12 cyanocobalamin
Main source of vitamin B 12
Crabs
Absolutely essential for fatty acid metabolism
Necessary for coA formation required for synthesizing cholesterol, steroids, detoxification of drugs (liver)
5 mg per day for adults
Pantothenic acid
Main sources of pantothenic acid
Mushrooms and whole grains
Is considered a B vitamin
Coenzymes for fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis
Transfers CO2 and carboxyl in reactions
Carbohydrates, fat, and protein metabolism
Biotin
Vitamin like substance
Choline
Component of thyroid hormones
Hormones that regulate body temperature, metabolism
Important for reproduction and growth
Low or excessive intake interferes with thyroid function
Goiter: enlarged thyroid gland
Iodine
Iodine deficiency disorders
Cretinism, hypothyroidism
Assist insulin and glucose uptake
Supports immune function and growth
Widely distributed in food
Chromium
Cofactor in protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, gluconeogenesis, cholesterol synthesis, and urea formation, bone matrix synthesis
Part of antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase)
Manganese
Main sources of manganese
Pineapples and pine nuts
A major mineral not a vitamin Component of thiamin and biotin Required by liver for alcohol detoxification Assist in maintaining acid-base balance Obtained from dietary proteins
Sulfur
Impacts ability to perform physical activity
Diets high in unenriched processed foods
In adequate B vitamin intake
