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FSU HUN 1201 > Quiz 7 (Ch 10.5 & some of ch 11) > Flashcards

Quiz 7 (Ch 10.5 & some of ch 11) Flashcards

1
Q

phytochemicals

A

phyto = plant
protects plants from UV, microbes, and oxidation
also protects humans
not considered to be a nutrient
present naturally in coffee fruits, vegetables, spices and beer

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2
Q

phytochemicals reduce the risk of ……

A 
CVD
cancer
diabetes
Alzheimer's disease
cataracts
age-related functional decline
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3
Q

functions of phytochemicals

A

reduces inflammation
enhances enzyme activity that detoxifies carcinogens/protects against cancer
enhance immune function: antibacterial/antiviral
reduce cardiovascular disease
anti-obesity

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4
Q

recent discoveries about phytochemicals

A

phytochemicals interact with each other in body synergistically
interact with macronutrients and vitamins and minerals
can act in different ways under different circumstances in the body

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5
Q

phytochemical supplements

A

protective in lower doses commonly provided by foods, but may have toxic effects as supplements
avoid phytochemical supplements

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6
Q

phytochemical supplements

A

protective in lower doses commonly provided by foods, but may have toxic effects as supplements
avoid phytochemical supplements
no RDA for phytochemicals; synergistic effects make establishing RDA difficult
Consume a plant-based diet/as many whole foods as possible

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7
Q

functional foods

A

provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition
include fortified, enriched, or enhanced foods, and dietary supplements
may contain naturally occurring phytochemicals and helpful bacteria

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8
Q

are functional foods safe?

A

FDA has no official definition or regulatory category for functional foods
regulated in the same way as conventional foods
“functional” ingredient added to a food must be generally recognized as safe

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9
Q

are functional foods effective?

A

claims of health benefits from the manufacturers
designer yogurts
probiotics (beneficial bacteria)
no national standards for identifying level of active bacteria in foods or supplements
prebiotics (fiber) promote friendly bacteria

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10
Q

what are Bones

A

living organs that contain bone tissue, arteries, veins, cartilage, and connective tissue
blood vessels supply nutrients to bone to support its activites

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11
Q

Bones provide …….

A

strength and flexibility
contains about 65% minerals, providing the hardness of bone
contains 35% organic structures for strength, durability, and flexibility

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12
Q

collagen

A

fibrous protein in bone tissue

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13
Q

hydroxyapatitie

A

mineral crystals around collagen designed to bear weight

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14
Q

cortical bone

A

compact bone
80% of the skeleton
outer surface of bone

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15
Q

trabecular bone

A

spongy bone
20% of skeleton
inside of bones (scaffolding)
faster turnover rate (sensitive to hormonal changes and nutritional deficiencies)

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16
Q

functions of bone

A

structure and support (protects vital organs, physical support for organs and body segments, support for muscles that allow movement)

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17
Q

metabolic processes of bones

A

act as a storage reservoir for many minerals
when need be body can draw calcium, phosphorus, fluoride, as a result can reduce bone mass
most of the blood cells needed by our bodies are produced in the bone marrow

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18
Q

bone growth

A

increase in bone size

on average, completed by the completion of height (after puberty)

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19
Q

bone modeling

A

shaping of bone
completed by early childhood
exercise and overweight increase thickness

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20
Q

bone remodeling

A 
recycling of bone tissue
maintains high integrity of bone
replaces old bone with new bone to maintain mineral balance
involves bone resorption and formation
occurs predominantly during adulthood
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21
Q

bone density

A

compactness

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22
Q

peak bone density

A

the highest achieved bone mineral density, based on individual’s genetic potential

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23
Q

factors associated with low peak bone density

A 
late pubertal age in boys
late onset of menstruation in girls
inadequate calcium intake
low body weight
physical inactivity during the pubertal years
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24
Q

resorption

A

surface of bones is broken down by osteoclasts

exceeds new bone formation after age 50: density begins to decrease

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25
Q

osteoclasts

A

cells that erode the surface of bones

26
Q

formation

A

new bone matrix formed by osteoblasts

synthesize new bone matrix by laying down collagen-containing component of bone

27
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone builders

28
Q

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

A

measures bone density

results are compared with average peak bone density of 30-year-old healthy adult known as the T-Score

29
Q

t-score

A

used to assess a person’s risk for fracture and diagnose osteoporosis
recommended for postmenopausal women

30
Q

classification for bone health

A

normal bone t-score between +1 and -1
osteopenia t-score between -1 and -2.5
osteoporosis t-score more negative than -2.5

31
Q

nutrients for bone health (6)

A 
calcium (most recognized nutrient associated with bone health)
vitamin D
vitamin K 
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Fluoride
32
Q

functions of calcium

A 
provides structure for bones and teeth
assists with acid-base balance
transmission of nerve impulses
assists in muscle contraction
maintains healthy blood pressure
initiates blood clotting
regulates hormones and enzymes
33
Q

calcium absorption

A

enhanced in an acidic environment

requires 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

34
Q

calcium intake

A

RDA varies w/ age and gender (1,000 mg to 1,300mg/day)

UL: 2,500mg

35
Q

bioavailability

A

the degree and rate at which a substance is absorbed into a living system or is made available at the site of physiological activity
depends on individual’s age and calcium need, dietary calcium and vitamin D, and binding factors

36
Q

sources of calcium

A

excellent sources include milk products
green leafy vegetables (kale, collard greens, broccoli – all of those are low in oxalate)
fortified foods (orange juice, soy milk)
fish with edible bones

37
Q

excess dietary calcium

A

excreted in the urine
mineral imbalances from supplements
hypercalcemia (high blood calcium)

38
Q

hypercalcemia

A

caused by cancer or parathyroid hormone (PTH) overproduction

symptoms: fatigue, appetite loss, constipation, mental confusion, calcium deposits in soft tissues

39
Q

calcium deficiency

A

osteoporosis from long-term calcium deficiency

hypocalcemia (low blood calcium)

40
Q

hypocalcemia

A

caused by kidney disease, Vitamin D deficiency, or diseases that inhibit the production of PTH
symptoms: muscle spasms and convulsions

41
Q

vitamin D

A

fat soluble
excess stored in adipose tissue and liver
can be synthesized in the body from exposure to UV rays from the sun
Considered a hormone: synthesized in one location and regulates activities in other parts of the body

42
Q

functions of vitamin D

A

regulates blood calcium levels (regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption from the small intestine)
stimulates osteoclasts when calcium is needed elsewhere
required for bone calcification

43
Q

factors influencing vitamin D synthesis (sunlight)

A

Time: sunny days, 9AM-3PM
Season: inadequate sun in the winter
Latitude: more than 40N or more than 40S

44
Q

factors influencing vitamin D synthesis – darker skin

A

more melanin pigment

reduces the penetration of sunlight

45
Q

factors influencing vitamin D synthesis – age

A

older than 65

decreased capacity to synthesize vitamin D from the sun

46
Q

factors influencing vitamin D synthesis – obesity

A

lower circulating vitamin D levels

47
Q

vitamin D adequacy

A

RDA:
19-50 yr old 5 micrograms/day
51-70 10 micrograms/day
>70 15 micrograms/day

48
Q

sources of Vitamin D

A

egocalciferol (D2) – plants, supplements

cholecalciferol (D3) – animal foods, sun

49
Q

cholecalciferol (D3) – animal foods, sun

A

most foods naturally contain little Vitamin D
mostly obtained from fortified foods (e.g. milk)
high amounts: cod liver oil, fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, and sardines)
vegetarians not consuming milk products may receive vitamin D from the sun, fortified soy or cereal products, or supplements

50
Q

vitamin D toxicity and deficiency

A

toxicity: hypercalcemia
deficiency: loss of bone mass, Rickets (children), osteomalacia (adults)

51
Q

medications that alter Vitamin D metabolism and activity

A

glucocorticoids

phenobarbital

52
Q

Vitamin K

A

fat soluble vitamin stored in the liver

phylloquinone: plant form
menaquinone: animal form (by bacteria in the large intestine)

53
Q

functions of vitamin K

A

coenzyme for formation of specific proteins
blood coagulation and bone metabolism
bone metabolism: coenzyme “Gla” protein production

54
Q

osteocalcin

A

secreted by osteoblasts (bone remodeling)

55
Q

matrix gla protein

A

in protein matrix of bone, catilage, blood vessel walls, soft tissues

56
Q

AI for Vitamin K

A

120 micrograms/day (men)

90 micrograms/day (women)

57
Q

sources of Vitamin K

A

synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine

green leafy vegetables, vegetable oils

58
Q

vitamin K toxicity and deficiency

A

toxicity: none known
Deficiency: reduced blood clotting, excessive bleeding

59
Q

causes of inadequate vitamin K consumption

A 
fat malabsorption (celiac disease, Crohn's disease, and cystic fibrosis)
long-term use of antibiotics can lead to deficiency
60
Q

to prevent hemorrhagic newborn disease

A

injection of vitamin K at birth for newborns

FSU HUN 1201 (6 decks)

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