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Biology II Lab > Quiz 8 > Flashcards

Quiz 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Tissue

A

A collection of similarly constructed cells which work together to perform a specific function

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2
Q

4 categories of tissues found in vertebrates

A
  1. Epithelial Tissues
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Muscle Tissue
  4. Nervous Tissue
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3
Q
  1. Epithelial Tissues
A
  • cover body surfaces and like body cavities
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4
Q

Functions of Epithelial Tissues

A
  • absorption
  • secretion
  • protection from underlying tissues
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5
Q

Epithelial Tissue form

A
  • Separated from underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane
  • may be classified by cell shape and the number of cell layers
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6
Q

Simple Epithelial Tissues

A

Consists of a single layer of cells in which all of the cells are in contact with the basement membrane

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7
Q

Stratified Epithelial Tissues

A
  • Composed of two or more cell layers
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8
Q

Basic cell shapes found in Epithelial Tissues are:

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Columnar
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9
Q

Squamous cells (in Epithelial Tissues)

A

Extremely flat cells when viewed from the side, and resembles a fried egg when viewed from above

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10
Q

Cuboidal Cells (in Epithelial Tissues)

A

Are as tall as they are wide with nuclei in the center of the cells

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11
Q

Columnar Cells (in Epithelial Tissues)

A

Are taller than they are wide with nuclei lying in the lower third of the cells

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12
Q

Connective Tissues

A
  • Serve to bind structures together
  • Lend support to the body
  • Transport materials
  • provide protection
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13
Q

Connective Tissue Examples

A
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Adipose Tissues
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14
Q

Muscle Tissue is specialized for:

A

• Contraction

- contraction is dependent on the interaction of the contractile proteins actin and myosin

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15
Q

3 types of vertebrate muscle tissue

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
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16
Q

Neuron

A

• The functional and structure unit of the nervous system

- the ONLY cells associated with the nervous system capable of generating and propagating nerve impulses

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17
Q

Neurons are composed of 3 regions:

A
  1. Cell Body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
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18
Q
  1. Cell Body (Soma) (In Neuron)
A

• Region where most of the cytoplasm and nucleus are located

  • The nucleolus as visible in the nucleus
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19
Q
  1. Dendrites (In Neuron)
A

• Extensions of the cell body and function to transport impulses toward the cell body
- Tend to be short and multiple

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20
Q

Axons (In Neuron)

A

• Extensions of the cell body which conduct impulses away from the cell body
- Usually long and singular

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21
Q

Nissle Bodies

A
  • Stain intensely and represent the regions where tough endoplasmic reticulum is located
  • only found in the cells body and dendrites of neurons
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22
Q

Glial Cells

A
  • supportive cells
  • out number neurons
 function to: 
• manage the microenvironment of nervous tissue
• form scar tissue
• act as phagocytes
• form myelin
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23
Q

Bowman’s Capsules

A
  • Regions of nephrons

- located in the cortex (outer zone) of the kidney and appear as ball shaped structures

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24
Q

Nephrons

A

Microscopic structures that form urine from the blood

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25
Q

Proximal / Distal Tubules

(regions of Nephrons)

A

Lined by simple cuboidal epithelium

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26
Q

Villus

A
  • finger like projections of the surface

- each villus is lined by simple columnar epithelium

27
Q

Goblet Cells

A

• secrete mucous

  • single cell glands
  • scattered throughout the tissue
28
Q

Trachea

A

• lined by pseudostratified epithelium (type of simple epithelium)

  • “pseudostratified” because it appears to be composed of multiple cell layers
  • however, each cell is actually in contact with the basement membrane.
  • the cells are of varying heights and so the location of the cell nuclei impart a stratified appearance
29
Q

Epidermis

A
  • outer layer of skin

- compose of stratified squamous epithelium

30
Q

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

A
  • composed of cells and fibers embedded in an extra cellular matrix
31
Q

The most common cell type of

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

A

Fibroblast

32
Q

Fibroblast

A

Secretes the connective tissue fibers:

  • collagen (great tensile strength)
  • elastic (elastic)
  • reticular (a type of collagen)
  • oriented in different planes
  • this tissue is characterized by cells and fibers loosely arranged in the matrix
33
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A
  • contains thick bundles of collagen fibers oriented in different planes (dense irregular connective tissue) or in parallel bundles (dense regular connective tissue)
  • the densely packed collagen bundles impart great tensile strength to the tissue
34
Q

Tendons

A

• Composed of dense regular collagenous connective tissue

- fibroblasts are located between the densely packed collagen fiber bundles

35
Q

Adipose Tissue (fat)

A
  • Composed of aggregates of adipocytes • functions in the storage of:
    • triglycerides
    • insulates / protects organs
    • contributes to the contour of body
36
Q

White Fat (unilocular adipose tissue)

A
  • adipocytes store fat in a single large droplet and the nucleus is pushed out toward the periphery of the cell
37
Q

Blood

A
  • fluid connective tissue
38
Q

Functions of blood

A

transport of

  • gases
  • nutrients
  • hormones
  • metabolic waste
  • protection from disease causing agents
39
Q

Plasma

A

Fluid matrix in which erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are suspended

40
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Transport oxygen gas in the blood

41
Q

Leukocytes

A

Provide protection from pathogenic microorganisms

42
Q

Platelets

A

Fragments of large bone marrow stem cells, function in hemostasis (blood clotting)

43
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • may be found capping the articulation surfaces of long bones
    • functions as a great shock absorber
44
Q

Tracheal cartilages / some Larynx cartilages

A

Also composed of hyaline cartilage

45
Q

Matrix

A
  • Secreted by chondrocytes which are located in spaces called LACUNAE
46
Q

Bone

A
  • calcified connective tissue

- hardness and rigidity of the tissue is imparted by the deposited minerals, primarily calcium and phosphorus salts

47
Q

Compact bone

A

Organized into units called osteons

48
Q

Osteon

A
  • In an osteon, bone matrix is deposited in concentric lamellae (rings) of osteoblasts (bone forming cells)
  • eventually osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix that they are secreting
  • at this point the cells are referred to as osteocytes
49
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • located in spaces between the lamellar called the lacunae
  • collagen fibers are adjacent lamellae are oriented in different planes which greatly increases the strength of the tissue
  • in the center of the lamellae is an osteon if canal through which blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels pass
50
Q

Canaliculi

A

When nutrients, gases, and waste products move from the osteonic canal to the osteocytes via microscopic channels (called canaliculi)

51
Q

Skeletal muscle

A
  • contraction of skeletal muscle allows for the movement of the bones of the skelton
  • skeletal muscle is classified as Voluntary because it’s contraction is consciously controlled
  • the skeletal muscle fibers (cells) are long and unbranched
  • different muscle fibers also contain multiple nuclei
  • the nuclei are pushed out toward the periphery of the cell due to the large number of myofibrils it contains
  • skeletal muscle fibers are striated, meaning alternating light and dark bands are visible in viewing the cells with a microscope
  • the pattern is due to the arrangement of the actin and myosin filaments within the muscle fiber
52
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • located in the myocardium of the heart
  • Involuntary (because the contraction is not under our conscious control
  • striated
  • branch and have 1 to 2 centrally located nuclei
53
Q

Intercalated Disks

A

• specialized junctional complexes that are found between adjacent cardiac muscle fibers
- contain numerous gap junctions and tight junctions

54
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • located in the walls of glands and organs
  • involuntary
  • lack striations
  • have a single centrally located nucleus
  • muscle fibers are spindle shaped, and have a smooth, homogeneous appearance
55
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata

A
  • Most advanced chordates
  • 50,000 species of vertebrates
  • characterized by the presence of a vertebral column partially or wholly replacing the notochord in adults which supports / protects the dorsal hollow nerve cord
56
Q

Class Myxini

Fish

A
  • 43 species of hagfish
  • jawless
  • lack eyes
  • without vertebrae
  • persistent notochord in adult
  • cartilaginous skull
  • closely related to other jawless fish
57
Q 
Class Cephalospidomorphi 
(Fish)
A
  • 41 species of lampreys
  • jawless
  • notochord into adult
  • cartilaginous vertebral column
58
Q

Class Chondrichthyes

Fish

A
  • 850 species (sharks, skates, rays)
  • jaws
  • cartilaginous skeleton
  • notochord into adulthood
59
Q

Class Osteichthyes

A
  • bony fishes
  • 27,000 species
  • highest number of species in phylum Chordata
  • jaws
  • bony skeleton
60
Q

Class Amphibia

Terrestrial Tetrapods

A
  • earliest group of Terrestrial Tetrapods vertebrates
  • 6,000 species
  • frogs, toads, salamanders, caecilians
  • exothermic
  • 3 chambered heart
  • moist skin
  • numerous glands
  • respire by skin, gills, and lungs
  • fertilization is external in most amphibians requires the return to water for reproductive purposes
61
Q

Class Reptilia

Terrestrial Tetrapods

A
  • 7,000 species
  • crocodilians, turtles, lizards, & snakes
  • exothermic
  • 3 chambered heart (except crocodile)
  • skin is covered by scales
  • the shelled amniotic egg of reptiles requires internal fertilization and removed the necessity to return back to water for reproductive purposes
62
Q

Class Aves

A
  • 10,000 species
  • birds
  • endothermic
  • 4 chambered heart
  • most are capable of flight
  • modifications for flight include:
    • lightweight
    • hollow bones
    • feathers
63
Q

Class Mammalia

A
  • most advanced group of terrestrial tetrapods
  • 5,000 species
  • endothermic
  • hair
  • respire by lungs
  • females possess mammary glands
  • all but three species give birth to live young (viviparous)

Biology II Lab (11 decks)

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