Quiz 8 Flashcards
1
Q
Tissue
A
A collection of similarly constructed cells which work together to perform a specific function
2
Q
4 categories of tissues found in vertebrates
A
- Epithelial Tissues
- Connective Tissue
- Muscle Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
3
Q
- Epithelial Tissues
A
- cover body surfaces and like body cavities
4
Q
Functions of Epithelial Tissues
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- absorption
- secretion
- protection from underlying tissues
5
Q
Epithelial Tissue form
A
- Separated from underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane
- may be classified by cell shape and the number of cell layers
6
Q
Simple Epithelial Tissues
A
Consists of a single layer of cells in which all of the cells are in contact with the basement membrane
7
Q
Stratified Epithelial Tissues
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- Composed of two or more cell layers
8
Q
Basic cell shapes found in Epithelial Tissues are:
A
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
9
Q
Squamous cells (in Epithelial Tissues)
A
Extremely flat cells when viewed from the side, and resembles a fried egg when viewed from above
10
Q
Cuboidal Cells (in Epithelial Tissues)
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Are as tall as they are wide with nuclei in the center of the cells
11
Q
Columnar Cells (in Epithelial Tissues)
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Are taller than they are wide with nuclei lying in the lower third of the cells
12
Q
Connective Tissues
A
- Serve to bind structures together
- Lend support to the body
- Transport materials
- provide protection
13
Q
Connective Tissue Examples
A
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Adipose Tissues
14
Q
Muscle Tissue is specialized for:
A
• Contraction
- contraction is dependent on the interaction of the contractile proteins actin and myosin
15
Q
3 types of vertebrate muscle tissue
A
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
16
Q
Neuron
A
• The functional and structure unit of the nervous system
- the ONLY cells associated with the nervous system capable of generating and propagating nerve impulses
17
Q
Neurons are composed of 3 regions:
A
- Cell Body
- Dendrites
- Axon
18
Q
- Cell Body (Soma) (In Neuron)
A
• Region where most of the cytoplasm and nucleus are located
- The nucleolus as visible in the nucleus
19
Q
- Dendrites (In Neuron)
A
• Extensions of the cell body and function to transport impulses toward the cell body
- Tend to be short and multiple
20
Q
Axons (In Neuron)
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• Extensions of the cell body which conduct impulses away from the cell body
- Usually long and singular
21
Q
Nissle Bodies
A
- Stain intensely and represent the regions where tough endoplasmic reticulum is located
- only found in the cells body and dendrites of neurons
22
Q
Glial Cells
A
- supportive cells
- out number neurons
function to: • manage the microenvironment of nervous tissue • form scar tissue • act as phagocytes • form myelin
23
Q
Bowman’s Capsules
A
- Regions of nephrons
- located in the cortex (outer zone) of the kidney and appear as ball shaped structures
24
Q
Nephrons
A
Microscopic structures that form urine from the blood
25
Proximal / Distal Tubules
| (regions of Nephrons)
Lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
26
Villus
- finger like projections of the surface
| - each villus is lined by simple columnar epithelium
27
Goblet Cells
• secrete mucous
- single cell glands
- scattered throughout the tissue
28
Trachea
• lined by pseudostratified epithelium (type of simple epithelium)
- “pseudostratified” because it appears to be composed of multiple cell layers
- however, each cell is actually in contact with the basement membrane.
- the cells are of varying heights and so the location of the cell nuclei impart a stratified appearance
29
Epidermis
- outer layer of skin
| - compose of stratified squamous epithelium
30
Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue
- composed of cells and fibers embedded in an extra cellular matrix
31
The most common cell type of
| Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue
Fibroblast
32
Fibroblast
Secretes the connective tissue fibers:
- collagen (great tensile strength)
- elastic (elastic)
- reticular (a type of collagen)
- oriented in different planes
- this tissue is characterized by cells and fibers loosely arranged in the matrix
33
Dense Connective Tissue
- contains thick bundles of collagen fibers oriented in different planes (dense irregular connective tissue) or in parallel bundles (dense regular connective tissue)
- the densely packed collagen bundles impart great tensile strength to the tissue
34
Tendons
• Composed of dense regular collagenous connective tissue
| - fibroblasts are located between the densely packed collagen fiber bundles
35
Adipose Tissue (fat)
- Composed of aggregates of adipocytes • functions in the storage of:
- triglycerides
- insulates / protects organs
- contributes to the contour of body
36
White Fat (unilocular adipose tissue)
- adipocytes store fat in a single large droplet and the nucleus is pushed out toward the periphery of the cell
37
Blood
- fluid connective tissue
38
Functions of blood
transport of
- gases
- nutrients
- hormones
- metabolic waste
- protection from disease causing agents
39
Plasma
Fluid matrix in which erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are suspended
40
Erythrocytes
Transport oxygen gas in the blood
41
Leukocytes
Provide protection from pathogenic microorganisms
42
Platelets
Fragments of large bone marrow stem cells, function in hemostasis (blood clotting)
43
Hyaline Cartilage
- may be found capping the articulation surfaces of long bones
• functions as a great shock absorber
44
Tracheal cartilages / some Larynx cartilages
Also composed of hyaline cartilage
45
Matrix
- Secreted by chondrocytes which are located in spaces called LACUNAE
46
Bone
- calcified connective tissue
| - hardness and rigidity of the tissue is imparted by the deposited minerals, primarily calcium and phosphorus salts
47
Compact bone
Organized into units called osteons
48
Osteon
- In an osteon, bone matrix is deposited in concentric lamellae (rings) of osteoblasts (bone forming cells)
- eventually osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix that they are secreting
- at this point the cells are referred to as osteocytes
49
Osteocytes
- located in spaces between the lamellar called the lacunae
- collagen fibers are adjacent lamellae are oriented in different planes which greatly increases the strength of the tissue
- in the center of the lamellae is an osteon if canal through which blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels pass
50
Canaliculi
When nutrients, gases, and waste products move from the osteonic canal to the osteocytes via microscopic channels (called canaliculi)
51
Skeletal muscle
- contraction of skeletal muscle allows for the movement of the bones of the skelton
- skeletal muscle is classified as Voluntary because it’s contraction is consciously controlled
- the skeletal muscle fibers (cells) are long and unbranched
- different muscle fibers also contain multiple nuclei
- the nuclei are pushed out toward the periphery of the cell due to the large number of myofibrils it contains
- skeletal muscle fibers are striated, meaning alternating light and dark bands are visible in viewing the cells with a microscope
- the pattern is due to the arrangement of the actin and myosin filaments within the muscle fiber
52
Cardiac Muscle
- located in the myocardium of the heart
- Involuntary (because the contraction is not under our conscious control
- striated
- branch and have 1 to 2 centrally located nuclei
53
Intercalated Disks
• specialized junctional complexes that are found between adjacent cardiac muscle fibers
- contain numerous gap junctions and tight junctions
54
Smooth Muscle
- located in the walls of glands and organs
- involuntary
- lack striations
- have a single centrally located nucleus
- muscle fibers are spindle shaped, and have a smooth, homogeneous appearance
55
Subphylum Vertebrata
- Most advanced chordates
- 50,000 species of vertebrates
- characterized by the presence of a vertebral column partially or wholly replacing the notochord in adults which supports / protects the dorsal hollow nerve cord
56
Class Myxini
| Fish
- 43 species of hagfish
- jawless
- lack eyes
- without vertebrae
- persistent notochord in adult
- cartilaginous skull
- closely related to other jawless fish
57
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Class Cephalospidomorphi
(Fish)
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- 41 species of lampreys
- jawless
- notochord into adult
- cartilaginous vertebral column
58
Class Chondrichthyes
| Fish
- 850 species (sharks, skates, rays)
- jaws
- cartilaginous skeleton
- notochord into adulthood
59
Class Osteichthyes
- bony fishes
- 27,000 species
- highest number of species in phylum Chordata
- jaws
- bony skeleton
60
Class Amphibia
| Terrestrial Tetrapods
- earliest group of Terrestrial Tetrapods vertebrates
- 6,000 species
- frogs, toads, salamanders, caecilians
- exothermic
- 3 chambered heart
- moist skin
- numerous glands
- respire by skin, gills, and lungs
- fertilization is external in most amphibians requires the return to water for reproductive purposes
61
Class Reptilia
| Terrestrial Tetrapods
- 7,000 species
- crocodilians, turtles, lizards, & snakes
- exothermic
- 3 chambered heart (except crocodile)
- skin is covered by scales
- the shelled amniotic egg of reptiles requires internal fertilization and removed the necessity to return back to water for reproductive purposes
62
Class Aves
- 10,000 species
- birds
- endothermic
- 4 chambered heart
- most are capable of flight
- modifications for flight include:
• lightweight
• hollow bones
• feathers
63
Class Mammalia
- most advanced group of terrestrial tetrapods
- 5,000 species
- endothermic
- hair
- respire by lungs
- females possess mammary glands
- all but three species give birth to live young (viviparous)
