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1
Q

Who provided Darwin with insight on the concept of a struggle for existence in nature through his writings?

A

Malthus

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2
Q

Thomas Lyell promoted the concept ‘uniformitarianism’ which refers to __________________.

A

The view that the geological processes on Earth have not changed over time

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3
Q

In the Miller-Urey experiments, O2 was not available in the reaction chamber.

A

true

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4
Q

Unlike the model known as gradualism, the theory of punctuated equilibrium does not comply with the general theory of evolution through natural selection. true or false?

A

false

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5
Q

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder in homozygous recessives that causes death during the teenage years. If 9 in 10,000 newborn babies have the disease, what are the expected frequencies of the dominant (A1) and recessive (A2) alleles according to the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

A

f(A1) = 0.9700, f(A2) = 0.0300

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6
Q

Which one of the following conditions would allow gene frequencies to change by chance?

A

small populations

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7
Q

Whenever diploid populations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at a particular locus, ________.

A

the allele’s frequency should not change from one generation to the next

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8
Q

In the formula for determining a population’s genotype frequencies, the “2” in the term 2pq is necessary because ________.

A

heterozygotes can come about in two ways

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9
Q

In peas, a gene controls flower color such that R = purple and r = white. In an isolated pea patch, there are 36 purple-flowering plants and 64 white-flowering plants. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the value of q for this population?

A

0.80

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10
Q

Which one of these processes describes bottleneck effect?

A

sudden change in environments that alters gene frequency of a population

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11
Q

What is not a condition for hardy Weinberg?

A

inbreeding

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12
Q

similarities in mammalian forelimbs is an example of what?

A

homology

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13
Q

What type of selection favors the extreme phenotypes?

A

disruptive selection

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14
Q

A donkey and horse mate, this is an example of what?

A

reduced hybrid fertility

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15
Q

How old is first evidence of life on earth?

A

3.7 billion

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16
Q

Organism has 1/8 of isotope remaining, how many half lives ago did it die?

A

3 years ago

(1/2) to the 3rd power

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17
Q

Master regulatory genes are called?

A

Homeotic genes

homeotic genes are genes which regulate the development of anatomical structures in various organisms such as echinoderms, insects, mammals, and plants.

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18
Q

what are hox genes?

A

a subset of homeotic genes, are a group of related genes that control the body plan of an embryo along the head-tail axis.

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19
Q

Oxygen revolution changed earth’s environment. Which organism is responsible?

A

stromatolites

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20
Q

Adaptive radiation can be a consequence of all except?

A

genetic drift

it can be a result of: Evolutionary innovation, colonization of an isolated region, vacant ecological niches are the reasons for adaptive radiation

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21
Q

Cauliflower and cabbage were selected. This is an example of what?

A

artificial selection

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22
Q

what is needed for a chemolithotroph to make ATP?

A

hydrogen sulfide

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23
Q

what eukaryotic supergroup includes protists, animals, and fungi?

A

unikosta

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24
Q

which organelle occurs in prokaryotes?

A

ribosomes

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25
Q

which supergroup includes the occurrence of endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria to explain the formation of key organelles?

A

archaeplasta

red algae and green algae

26
Q

what is true of all protists?

A

they are eukaryotic

27
Q

the placement of all protists in one kingdom caused dissatisfaction among taxonomists mainly because

A

various pieces of evidence indicate that the kingdom protista can’t be monophyletic

28
Q

what do dinoflagellates, apicomplexan and ciliate have in common?

A

all have sacs known as alveoli just beneath their plasma membrane

part of the Alveolates in the SAR

29
Q

whats the smallest unit that can evolve?

A

a population

30
Q

define a population

A

A group of individuals from the same species that live in the same area and regularly interbreed.

31
Q

define evolution

A

Change in allele frequency within a population over time

32
Q

What is the significant differences between the 4 mechanisms that cause evolution?

A
  • Natural Selection is the only mechanism acting alone can result in ADAPTATION.
  • Genetic Drift, Gene Flow, and mutation DO NOT favor certain alleles over others.
  • Most of the mechanisms lead to LOST of genetic diversity except for mutation
33
Q

What is Adaptations? What evolutionary mechanism leads to this?

A

Adaptations make organisms better suited for their environment.
Natural selection is the only mechanism that can lead to this.

34
Q

What effect does mutation play?
What is its effects on Genetic Variation?
What is its effect on average fitness?

A

It produces new alleles.
It increases genetic variation by introducing new alleles
It is random with respect to fitness. Mutations may be beneficial, detrimental, or may have no effect on fitness

35
Q

Darwin’s theory of evolution described the change an organism’s ____________

A

phenotype

36
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equations used as? What does it help determine?

A

It is used as a null hypothesis to test whether evolution is acting on a specific gene. It helps determine which of the 4 evolutionary mechanisms are acting on the gene in question.

37
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that specifies what the results of an experiment will be if the main hypothesis being tested is wrong.

38
Q

What is the Null Hypothesis of the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

A

The Null Hypothesis->If no evolution is occurring, then not all the conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are being met.

39
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg Principle?

A

A principle of population genetics stating that genotype frequencies in a large population do not change from generation to generation in the absence of the 4 evolutionary processes

40
Q

What ONLY two things are at work when allele frequencies and genotypes in a gene pool remain constant?

A

1) Mendelian Genetics

2) Recombination (change in combination of alleles) of alleles

41
Q

What are the two consequences of stabilizing selection?

A

1) There is no change in the average value of a trait over time
2) Genetic Variation in the population is reduced

42
Q

In Disruptive Selection, if individuals of one phenotype only mated with others of the same phenotype, what would this later result in?

A

This would result in speciation–> formation of new species

43
Q

What is another name for Balancing Selection?

A

heterozygote advantage

44
Q

In Balancing Selection, which allele has the advantage?

A

Neither does, there is a balance between alleles

45
Q

In balancing selection, which has the advantage: homozygotes or heterozygotes?

A

Heterozygotes has fitness advantage over either homozygote (recessive or dominant)

46
Q

What happens to genetic variation in balancing selection?

A

maintained

47
Q

What is reproductive fitness?

A

Your genetic contribution to the next generation

48
Q

Does natural selection act on phenotypes or genotypes

A

phenotypes

49
Q

Since natural selection favors certain alleles over others, what do these alleles experience?

A

They experience greater reproductive success and are more represented in the next generation.

50
Q

Why is Genetic Drift more pronounced in a small population?

A

Since the population is small it has a more of possibility of losing alleles entirely. When this happens, the remaining alleles eventually become fixed.

51
Q

Genetic Drift causes allele frequencies to change due to blind luck, this is also known as ______________

A

sampling error

52
Q

What is Bottleneck effect?

A

It is a sudden reduction in the number of alleles in a population.
It is random, unlike natural selection that forces out detrimental alleles.

53
Q

What is a Founder Event and Founder Effect?

A

Founder Event- A new population is established away from the original species population.
Founder Effect-Group does not contain all the alleles from the original population. Over time this can cause an evolutionary divergence from the main species.

54
Q

What is Polydactyly and what is this the result of?

A

Extra fingers or sometimes toes.

Founder’s effect

55
Q

Over time, what effect can genetic drift have on alleles?

A

Over time it can lead to random loss or fixation of alleles. –> NO VARIATION!!!

56
Q

What two types of alleles can mutation result in?

A

Deleterious alleles and Beneficial alleles

57
Q

In what organism is mutation rates higher? What two reasons make it higher?

A

in microorganism such as viruses and bacteria
This is because they have:
1) shorter generation times
2) RNA mutates faster than DNA
*a lot of viruses only have RNA and no DNA
*There are more mechanisms that protect against DNA mutations than RNA mutations

58
Q

Does inbreeding increase the number of homozygotes or heterozygotes?

A

homozygotes increase and heterozygotes decrease

59
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

“two-forms”
there is a distinct difference between the two genders
typically the male possess the more pronounced form.

60
Q

What is Intersexual Selection?

A

One gender gets to be the choosy type (usually female)

Since the females are choosy, the males end up with the unusual phenotype.

61
Q

What is the benefit of sexual reproduction ?

A

Genetic Variation –> Meiosis and genetic recombination create variation.

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