13 and 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What is not an inherited trait?

A

dogs shaking hands

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2
Q

Where are genes found?

A

in the DNA in the nucleus

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3
Q

who is the father of evolution

A

Darwin

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4
Q

who is the father of genetics

A

Mendel

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5
Q

how many chromosome pairs in humans

A

23

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6
Q

what happens with cross pollination?

A

pollination in different plants

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7
Q

what is a genotype

A

2 alleles

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8
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

two parents give rise to offspring with unique combinations of genes with fusion of gametes

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9
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

single individual passes copies of all genes to offspring without fusion of gametes

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10
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
Advantages: 
• “quality over quantity”
• genetic variation
• spread of advantageous traits
• removal of deleterious traits (i.e. eliminate genetic load)
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11
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

Advantages:
• Produce very large numbers of offspring
• Don’t have to invest in finding/courting a mate
• Preserve beneficial traits (in a stable environment)

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12
Q

allele

A

form of a gene

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13
Q

somatic cells

A

all cells of the body except gametes

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14
Q

gene

A

form of hereditary units

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15
Q

autosomes

A

chromosomes that aren’t sex chromosomes

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16
Q

chromosome

A

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

17
Q

Describe the four hypothesis that Mendel developed based on his experiments with Pea plants.

A
  1. Genes are found in alternative versions called alleles

  2. for each characteristic, an organism inherits an allele from each parent
  3. dominant allele determines the appearance
  4. law of segregation
18
Q

independent assortment

A

metaphase I

individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together.

19
Q

crossing over

A

prophase I

the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.

20
Q

What does it mean to say that sexual reproduction “purges deleterious traits” from a population?

A

Independent assortment, random fertilization, shuffling of alleles

21
Q

Briefly describe the process of meiosis (where does it occur? how many cells result? what kind of cells are produced by meiosis? are they haploid or diploid?)

A

– Meiosis occurs in the sex organs, producing gametes—sperm and eggs

haploid = gametes 
fusion= zygote = diploid
22
Q

what are steps of mitosis

A
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
23
Q

A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is

A

sperm

24
Q

Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during

A

meiosis I.

25
Q

Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that

A

sister chromatids separate during anaphase.

26
Q

If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I would be

A

2x

27
Q

If we continued to follow the cell lineage from question 4, then the DNA content of a single cell at metaphase of meiosis II would be

A

x