13 and 14

Question 1

What is not an inherited trait?

Answer 1

dogs shaking hands

Question 2

Where are genes found?

Answer 2

in the DNA in the nucleus

Question 3

who is the father of evolution

Answer 3

Darwin

Question 4

who is the father of genetics

Answer 4

Mendel

Question 5

how many chromosome pairs in humans

Answer 5

23

Question 6

what happens with cross pollination?

Answer 6

pollination in different plants

Question 7

what is a genotype

Answer 7

2 alleles

Question 8

Sexual reproduction

Answer 8

two parents give rise to offspring with unique combinations of genes with fusion of gametes

Question 9

Asexual reproduction

Answer 9

single individual passes copies of all genes to offspring without fusion of gametes

Question 10

What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

Answer 10

Advantages: 
• “quality over quantity”
• genetic variation
• spread of advantageous traits
• removal of deleterious traits (i.e. eliminate genetic load)

Question 11

What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 11

Advantages:
• Produce very large numbers of offspring
• Don’t have to invest in finding/courting a mate
• Preserve beneficial traits (in a stable environment)

Question 12

allele

Answer 12

form of a gene

Question 13

somatic cells

Answer 13

all cells of the body except gametes

Question 14

gene

Answer 14

form of hereditary units

Question 15

autosomes

Answer 15

chromosomes that aren’t sex chromosomes

Question 16

chromosome

Answer 16

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Question 17

Describe the four hypothesis that Mendel developed based on his experiments with Pea plants.

Answer 17

1. Genes are found in alternative versions called alleles

2. for each characteristic, an organism inherits an allele from each parent
3. dominant allele determines the appearance
4. law of segregation

Question 18

independent assortment

Answer 18

metaphase I

individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together.

Question 19

crossing over

Answer 19

prophase I

the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.

Question 20

What does it mean to say that sexual reproduction “purges deleterious traits” from a population?

Answer 20

Independent assortment, random fertilization, shuffling of alleles

Question 21

Briefly describe the process of meiosis (where does it occur? how many cells result? what kind of cells are produced by meiosis? are they haploid or diploid?)

Answer 21

– Meiosis occurs in the sex organs, producing gametes—sperm and eggs

haploid = gametes 
fusion= zygote = diploid

Question 22

what are steps of mitosis

Answer 22

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis

Question 23

A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is

Answer 23

sperm

Question 24

Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during

Answer 24

meiosis I.

Question 25

Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that

Answer 25

sister chromatids separate during anaphase.

Question 26

If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I would be

Answer 26

2x

Question 27

If we continued to follow the cell lineage from question 4, then the DNA content of a single cell at metaphase of meiosis II would be

Answer 27

x