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Anesthesia > Quiz 7--Equine & Ruminant Anesthesia > Flashcards

Quiz 7--Equine & Ruminant Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

Two antibiotics that can have bad interactions with anesthetics

A

Aminoglycosides (profound weakness by altering Ca release)

K-Penicillin

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2
Q

Concerning horse anesthesia:

1) what should be withheld before surgery
2) for how long

A

1) just food (not water)

2) for 12 hours (longer may prolong recovery)

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3
Q

Most commonly used opioid analgesic in horses

A

Butorphanol

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4
Q

What two types of drugs are combined with a neuroleptanalgesic

A

sedative/tranquilizer with an opioid

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5
Q

A good drug combination for separation anxiety in mares

A

Ace + Xylazine

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6
Q

Drug combinations including ____ wouldn’t be ideal for CT because?

A

Butorphanol; it enhances hearing so horses may become anxious

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7
Q

Which sedative, when combined with butorphanol, induces LESS ataxia

A

Detomidine (compared to Xylazine)

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8
Q

Which neuroleptanaglesic drug combination can also be given as a CRI?

A

Detomidine + Butorphanol

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9
Q

3 main effects of Lidocaine

A

Analgesic
Prokinetic
Anti-inflammatory/anti-endotoxic

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10
Q

Which drug is commonly used as adjuctive treatment for sepsis and endotoxemia in horses?

A

Lidocaine

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11
Q

How does Lidocaine cause analgesic effects?

A

Na channel blockade

this is why it’s good for arrhythmias too

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12
Q

On which receptor does Ketamine act to produce its anesthetic/analgesic effects

A

NMDA (antagonist)

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13
Q

Typical rate for a Ketamine CRI

A

0.4-0.8 mg/kg/hr

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14
Q

Name antagonists for:

1) alpha-2 antagonism (3)
2) Opioids (1)
3) Benzodiazepines (1)

A

1) yohimbine, Tolazoline, Atipamezole
2) Naloxone
3) Flumazenil

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15
Q

Unless contraindicated, EVERY horse receives what as part of their anesthetic protocol?

A

pre-medication

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16
Q

A sign of overdose with GG (Guaifenesin) is?

A

extensor rigidity

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17
Q

GG is prepared as a ___% solution; and higher would cause?

A

5-10% (in dextrose)

Higher than 10% leads to hemolysis

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18
Q

Dosing for inducing with Xylazine-Ketamine in horses?

How does it change for ponies and high-strung horses?

A

0.5mg/lb Xylazine

1mg/lb Ketamine

increase Ketamine to 1.25mg/lb for ponies/high strung horses

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19
Q

Which two drugs can be added to the XK protocol in horses? Function of each?

A

Butorphanol–improves analgesia

Dizepam–improves muscle relaxation

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20
Q

What is the concentration of equine triple-drip?

A

0.5mg/ml Xylazine

2mg/ml Ketamine

50mg/ml GG

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21
Q

What is the maintenance rate for equine triple drip?

A

1ml/lb/hr (0.004 drops/lb/sec)

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22
Q

A good drug combination for donkeys and mules that aren’t induced by XK

A

Xylazine-butorphanol-Telazol

23
Q

Instead of having a fluorine like sevo, iso has?

A

chlorine

24
Q

Comparing Sevo & Iso:

Even though sevo has a (lower/higher) blood solubility, it doesn’t induce much faster than Iso due to its high ______

A

sevo has LOWER blood solubility but a HIGHER MAC

*less soluble (good) but less potent (bad)

25
Q

Concerning witholding of food and water for ruminants, how long is indicated for:

1) small ruminants
2) large ruminants
3) neonates

A

1) food for 12-24hr; water 8-12hr
2) food for 24-48hr; water for 24hr
3) do NOT fast–get hypoglycemic quickly

26
Q

Best site for jugular placement in llamas?

A

Right jugular vein (more superficial)

27
Q

Describe the sensitivities to xylazine (most to least sensitive)

1) compare goats to sheep
2) compare cattle, horses, llamas, alpacas, and camelids

A

1) goats more sensitive than sheep

2) Cattle > camelids > horses, llamas > alpacas

28
Q

Name 3 cattle breeds from most to least sensitive to Xylazine

A

Brahamns > Hereford > Holstein

29
Q

To which alpha-2 reversal agent are ruminants and camelids sensitive?

A

Tolazoline

30
Q

A good drug combination for ruminants to induce recumbency/immobilization but not anesthesia

A

Diazepam (or Midazolam) + Xylazine

31
Q

In equines, which drug can be given during recovery following inhalant anesthesia? Why?

A

Xylazine–helps the horse stay down longer so they stand when fully ready

32
Q

What position should a horse be recovered in following surgery?

A

What ever position they were in for surgery

Don’t flip them!!

33
Q

Name 5 causes of post-anesthetic neuropathy in horses

A

1) excessive depth of anesthesia
2) hypotension
3) poor perfusion/increased pressure on muscle
4) poor positioning
5) inadequate padding

34
Q

The normal MAP for horses

A

60-90mmHg

35
Q

Moderate hypercapnia can have beneficial effects. why?

A

CO2 is vasodilatory–can improve tissue perfusion and increase catecholamine release

36
Q

How can you estimate PaCO2 in horses?

A

Use ETCO2

Add 1-5mmHg to ETCO2

37
Q

Which surgical position of the equine patient can lead to hypoxemia?

A

Dorsal recumbency

38
Q

In llamas, which two muscle cover the jugular vein?

A

Sternomandibularis

Brachiocephalicus

39
Q

Two respiratory side effects of Xylazine common to sheep?

A

Hypoxemia

Pulmonary edema

40
Q

Two locations for caudal epidural analgesia?

A

Sacrococcygeal (S5-Co1)

Intercoccygeal (Co1-Co2)

41
Q

In cattle and llamas, Xylazine can be combined with which drug to prolong caudal epidural analgesia

A

Lidocaine

42
Q

Which caudal epidural drug provides the shortest duration of analgesia

A

Lidocaine (alone)

43
Q

Comparing lumbosacral to caudal epidural analgesia, which form impacts motor nerves and causes hindlimb paralysis?

A

Lumbosacral epidural analgesia

44
Q

Two types of paravertebral nerve blocks. Which blocks before and which blocks after the nerves branch?

A

Proximal & Distal paravertebral nerve blocks

Proximal–BEFORE
Distal–AFTER branching

45
Q

Which nerves are blocked with the paravertebral blocks and where do you perform each one?

A

T13, L1, L2

Proximal–block just caudal to corresponding vertebra

Distal–block at L1, L2, L4

46
Q

T/F: Xylazine & Ketamine can be given as a bolus injection to ruminants to induce and maintain anesthesia

A

TRUE

*ruminants don’t show excitement with ketamine (unlike horses)

47
Q

Which drugs are found the combination “Llama’s lullaby”?

A

Xylazine
Butorphanol
Ketamine

48
Q

What is the concentration of BOVINE triple drip?

A

50mg/ml GG
2mg/ml Ketamine
0.1 mg/ml Xylazine

49
Q

What is the maintenance rate for bovine triple drip?

A

2.2ml/kg/hr

50
Q

Best drug choice/combo for high risk ruminants patients?

A

Diazepam (or Midazolam) + Ketamine

Also preferred for uretheral obstruction

51
Q

Drug choice for sedation/immobilization of free-roaming cattle? What can you combine it with?

A

Telazol

*Combine with Xylazine & Ketamine (TKX-Ru)

52
Q

Which type of ruminants are at higher risk for radial nerve paralysis?

A

Camelids

53
Q

Cattle should always be recovered in what position?

A

Sternal recumbency

Anesthesia (9 decks)

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