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Anesthesia > Quiz 1--Preanesthetics > Flashcards

Quiz 1--Preanesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

How does Atropine cause an initial decrease in HR?

A

stimulation of central vagal nucleus in medulla

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2
Q

This anticholinergic is associated with decreases in GI and ruminal motility in horses and ruminants

A

Atropine

*can lead to ruminal stasis & colic (ileus)

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3
Q

When comparing species sensitivities to atropine toxicity:

1) herbivores vs. carnivores
2) least resistant?
3) why are cats, rats, and rabbits more resistant?

A

1) herbivores are more resistant
2) pigs are least resistant
3) possess atropinase

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4
Q

An anticholinergic that doesn’t penetrate the BBB as easily as atropine? Why doesn’t it penetrate as well?

A

Glycopyrrolate; larger molecular size

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5
Q

Acepromazine has an effect on this neurotransmitter

A

Dopamine (antidopaminergic…increases turnover rate)

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6
Q

Ace is involved in what receptor blockade? What does it lead to?

A

alpha-1; vasodilation/hypotension (anti-epinephrine)

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7
Q

How can Ace cause hypothermia?

A

depletion of catecholamines from hypothalamus (thermoregulatory center) and peripheral vasodilation

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8
Q

Name 3 important systemic effects of ace? (think heart, gut, cells)

A

antiemetic (good against opiate-induced vomiting)

antiarrhythmic (stabilizes myocardium)

Antihistaminic (acts on mast cells)

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9
Q

T/F: though it lacks analgesic effects itself, ace can potentiate the analgesic effects of other drugs

A

True

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10
Q

What drug should not be used to reverse droperidol-induced hypotension

A

epinephrine

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11
Q

What two drugs combine to make innovarVet and what word is used to describe that drug? Use?

A

1) Droperidol & Fentanyl

Neuroleptanalgesic (tranquilizer & analgesic)

Vicious Dogs

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12
Q

Describe the 3 MOA/effects of benzodiazepines

A

1) stimulate the benzodiazepine receptors and potentiate GABA–>increases Cl influx into cell to cause hyperpolarization
2) depresses limbic system (anxiolytic)
3) central muscle relaxation

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13
Q

Purpose of propylene glycol vehicle for Dizepam?

A

increases solubility (Diazepam is usually not H2O soluble)

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14
Q

Best anesthetic adjunct for critical patients due to its minimal cardiovascular effects?

A

diazepam

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15
Q

Which two drugs combine to make telazol?

A

Zolazepam & Tiletamine

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16
Q

Benzodiazepine antagonist

A

Flumazenil

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17
Q

Sedatives are ______ receptor ______

A

alpha-2 receptor AGONISTS

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18
Q

3 general anesthetic effects of the alpha-2 agonists

A

Sedation
Analgesia
Muscle relaxation

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19
Q

How is the A2:A1 ratio related to potency?

Which drug has:

1) highest ratio
2) lowest ratio

A

the higher the ratio, the more potent the drug

1) Medetomidine/Dexmeditomidine
2) Xylazine

20
Q

Name 2 important systemic effects associated with Xylazine

A

1) increases urine output (inhibits ADH…esp. ruminants)

2) increases intrauterine contraction and pressure (premature parturition)

21
Q

Describe Xylazine’s impact on the cardiovascular system

A

biphasic effect on BP:
initial HYPERtension, followed by HYPOtension

Sensitizes myocardium (arrythmias likely!)

22
Q

How does Xylazine cause a biphase BP response?

A

Initial stimulation of post-synaptic A2 receptors

followed by stimulation of pre-synaptic A-2 receptors

23
Q

This drug can cause hypoxemia in sheep and calves

A

Xylazine

24
Q

Describe the species variations with xylazine:

1) ruminants vs. horses?
2) least sensitive?
3) list spp. from least to most sensitive

A

1) ruminants are 10X more sensitive than horses
2) pigs are least sensitive (need highest dose)
3) Pigs > horses > dogs > cats > ruminants

25
Q

It’s important to let a horse calm down before giving ________

A

Xylazine (due to high circulating catecholamines after traveling…can lead to sudden death)

26
Q

Which a-2 receptor agonist is only approved for horses?

A

Detomidine

27
Q

Major difference between the IV and sublingual preparations of detomidine?

A

Sublingual preparation will not have analgesic effects

28
Q

Which drugs would be indicated for prevention of the oculocardiac reflex during surgery?

A

Anticholinergics (atropine, Glycopyrrolate)

29
Q

2 drugs that can treat Acepromazine-induced hypotension

A

Phenylephrine

Methoxamine

30
Q

Which drug should be used cautiously in horses during standing procedures and why?

A

Diazepam–can cause profound relaxation and recumbency

31
Q

Which benzodiazepine has the longest duration of action?

A

Zolazepam

32
Q

Which sedatives are associated with vomiting in cats/dogs?

A

Xylazine; Medetomidine

33
Q

3 contraindications for xylazine/sedatives in general

A

1) pregnancy
2) urethral obstruction
3) cardiac aberration

34
Q

This sedative is the best choice for diagnostic procedures (require deep sedation/immbolization but not general anesthesia)

A

Medetomidine

35
Q

Medetomidine + ________ can provide short-term anesthesia in small animals and zoo/wildlife spp.

A

Ketamine

36
Q

A unique feature of this sedative is its use as a CRI

A

Dexmeditomidine

37
Q

A benefit of Romifidine (compared to xylazine & meditomidine)

A

causes less ataxia and sedation (horses can maintain higher head position)

*good for dentals!

38
Q

Name 3 alpha-2 antagonists

A

Yohimbine
Tolazoline
Atipamezole

39
Q

Concerning the 3 a-2 antagonists, which:

1) has the greatest selectivity for a-2
2) has least selectivity for a-2

A

1) Atipamezole

2) Tolazoline

40
Q

Two major side effects associated with Tolazoline?

A 
Tachycardia
GI distress (stimulates GI musculature)
41
Q

Severe toxicity of llamas and camels is associated with which a2 antagonist?

A

Tolazoline

*Llamas and camelids are sensitive to Tolazoline

42
Q

Best drug choice if you’re trying to:

1) reverse sedation (CNS effects)
2) reverse ruminal hypomotility

A

1) atipamezole

2) Yohimbine & Tolazoline

43
Q

Which pre-anesthetic is useful for large animals when other sedatives/tranquilzers fail?

A

Chloral Hydrate

44
Q

This sedative is characterized by “latent action” (name it and describe why)

A

Chloral Hydrate

it has to form an active metabolite (Trichloroethanol)

**it’s active metabolite exerts the anesthetic effects

45
Q

What benefit does magnesium sulfate offer when combined with Chloral hydrate?

A

enhances muscle relaxation (has neuromuscular blocking effects)

Anesthesia (9 decks)

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