Quiz 7

Question 1

Deeper, low light coral reefs that typically occur at depths of 30-40 m, but up to 150 m.

Answer 1

Mesophotic coral ecosystem

Question 2

These are fully intertidal, often in full strength seawater and subject to high wave action.

Answer 2

Tide-dominated (fringing) mangroves

Question 3

The removal of carbonate by grazers and bores.

Answer 3

Bioerosion

Question 4

A species, such as corals, that build the foundation on which the rest of the ecosystem depends.

Answer 4

Foundation species

Question 5

Woody trees or shrubs that flourish at the sea/land interface in sheltered tropical coastal and estuarine regions where fine sediment collects.

Answer 5

Mangroves

Question 6

Remote islands and atolls can have ~85% greater phytoplankton biomass as compared to average oceanic conditions

Answer 6

Island mass effect

Question 7

Non-reef building corals; found worldwide.

Answer 7

Ahermatypic

Question 8

Two main factors that limit plant distribution

Answer 8

Increase salt level
Waterlogged sediment

Question 9

Mangroves that grow along coastal fringes in the northern and southern limits of the mangrove distribution, as well as in areas where soil cannot provide sufficient nutrients

Answer 9

Scrub mangroves

Question 10

A generalized response of corals to stress; zooxanthellae are ejected from the corals and the skeleton, which is typically white, becomes visible.

Answer 10

Coral bleaching

Question 11

Organisms growing on the surface of plants, but not deriving nutrients from them.

Answer 11

Epiphytes

Question 12

A ring of reef with low-lying islands surrounding a central lagoon.

Answer 12

Atoll

Question 13

This allows species with overlapping niches to coexist

Answer 13

Niche differentiation

Question 14

Animals that create limestone formations that may be thousands of kilometers long and hundreds of meters deep.

Answer 14

Living corals

Question 15

A mangrove forest.

Answer 15

Mangal

Question 16

Small reefs that grow on shallow lagoonal areas and are often surrounded by sand.

Answer 16

Patch reefs

Question 17

An organism that directly or indirectly modulates the availability of resources to other species; it is able to modify, maintain, and create habitats.

Answer 17

Ecosystem engineer

Question 18

Three key attributes of seagrasses

Answer 18

Leaves with sheaves adapted to high-energy environments.
Hydrophilous pollination.
Extensive lacunar system enabling oxygen transport.

Question 19

Organisms that feed on living coral and at high abundance they can kill large areas of reef.

Answer 19

Crown-of-thorns starfish COTS

Question 20

A method to assess relative predation levels in seagrass beds.

Answer 20

Tethering

Question 21

Organisms that constantly nibble away at the turf algae on reefs.

Answer 21

Grazers

Question 22

Reef-building corals, largely confined to the tropics.

Answer 22

Hermatypic

Question 23

Fish that are found only in certain habitats, such as seagrass beds.

Answer 23

Obligate inhabitants

Question 24

Organisms capable of feeding on the large mature fleshy macroalgae

Answer 24

Browsers

Question 25

A true plant that has fully adapted to live in water.

Answer 25

Hydrophyte

Question 26

Having separate male and female plants.

Answer 26

Dioecious

Question 27

The population sizes of reef fish species are often determined and limited by the rate at which larval fish are recruited from the plankton to adult populations.

Answer 27

Recruitment limitation hypothesis

Question 28

Aerial roots that rise from the underground roots and extend above the sediment and water surfaces.

Answer 28

Pneumatophores

Question 29

The time between the development of two seagrass units.

Answer 29

Plastochrone interval

Question 30

A useful grouping of organisms that has more than one evolutionary root form.

Answer 30

Polyphyletic

Question 31

Two of the most important roles that mangrove forests play.

Answer 31

Nutrient input/energy flux Nursery for fish species

Question 32

Fish that use a habitat, such as seagrass beds, out of choice at certain times of the day.

Answer 32

Facultative inhabitants

Question 33

The formation of a barrier to genetic exchange that causes separation of related taxa (e.g. continental drift, glaciation).

Answer 33

Vicariance event

Question 34

Mangroves that grow in small islands washed over by tides.

Answer 34

Overwash mangroves

Question 35

Similar to basin mangroves but more elevated and more stressed.

Answer 35

Hammock mangroves

Question 36

Reefs that develop on the shelving shores of most rocky tropical islands.

Answer 36

Fringing reefs

Question 37

Involving a random or chance variable

Answer 37

Stochastic

Question 38

Limiting factors of coral reefs

Answer 38

Temperature Light Turbidity Flow Salinity pH

Question 39

Order of mangroves from water to inland

Answer 39

Red mangrove Black mangrove White mangrove

Question 40

Relating to the development of an organism

Answer 40

Ontogenetic

Question 41

Net production over a 24 hour period.

Answer 41

Excess production

Question 42

The only truly marine angiosperms, generally growing in soft sediments in shallow coastal waters.

Answer 42

Seagrasses

Question 43

Special pore that enable air to be taken in through root section that exit the sediment.

Answer 43

Lenticels

Question 44

Mangroves that can be found elsewhere, such as in the rainforest.

Answer 44

Mangrove associates

Question 45

Organisms that scrape the turf algae away to bare limestone and remove some of the calcium carbonate below.

Answer 45

Scrapers/excavators

Question 46

The seeds of a plant germinate on the plant instead of falling.

Answer 46

Vivipary

Question 47

Organisms that are fixed in place so they cannot move, such as barnacles and sea squirts.

Answer 47

Sessile

Question 48

These occur to the landward-side of fringing mangroves, where there are lower tidal currents and wave action, but where salinity can be highly variable due to evaporation and rainfall.

Answer 48

Basin mangroves

Question 49

These form where there is low tidal range and a dominance of freshwater flow, such as deltas of major rivers.

Answer 49

Riverine mangroves

Question 50

Where most reefs are found.

Answer 50

Within 30 degrees north and south of the equator.

Question 51

Dinoflagellate symbiotic algae.

Answer 51

Zooxanthellae

Question 52

Deposited by living organisms.

Answer 52

Biogenic

Question 53

Mangroves that only occur at the sea/land interface.

Answer 53

True mangroves

Question 54

Reefs that surround many tropical islands and usually are separated from the land by lagoons with patch and fringing reefs.

Answer 54

Barrier reefs