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Marine Ecology > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The production of reproductive tissue such as sperm and eggs

A

Gonad

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2
Q

Transports mostly dissolved inorganic carbon and is controlled by CO2 dissolubility and large-scale ocean circulation

A

Solubility carbon pump

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3
Q

The level of sufficiently different DNA sequences found.

A

Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU)

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4
Q

The major metabolic pathway for degradation of organic matter in the ocean

A

Aerobic respiration

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5
Q

The environment selects the species better adapted to local conditions

A

Selection

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6
Q

Viruses limit the abundance of bacterial species that become dominant in the microbial community since the viral infection rate increases as the concentration of host cells increases

A

Kill-the-winner hypothesis

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7
Q

Includes crustaceans that are taxonomically very distinct from zooplankton protists

A

Metazoan larval zooplankton

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8
Q

Originates from direct release from living organisms such as extracellular release by phytoplankton, grazer-mediated release, release via cell lysis, solubilization of detrital and sinking POM particles, and release from prokaryotes

A

Dissolved Organic Material (DOM)

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9
Q

Viruses infect the cell and insert their genome into the host genome, staying latent and replicating within the host until some external fact triggers the lytic cycle (induction)

A

Lysogenic cycle

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10
Q

Protozoan predation, viral mortality, competition, and starvation, which determine cell activity or its removal from the population

A

Mortality-controlling factors (top-down)

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11
Q

An infected host cell and its progeny constantly produce and release new viral particles without completely lysing

A

Chronic lifecycle

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12
Q

Flagellated cells that have two different flagellae, one of which is used for motility and one for grazing

A

Dinoflagellates

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13
Q

Organisms that use carbon dioxide as their main carbon source

A

Ammonium oxidizers

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14
Q

Describes how biomass is produced by the standing stock of biomass, usually per year

A

Production to biomass ratio P/B

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15
Q

Resource competition between bacterial populations and the active negative effects they can direct towards each other

A

Sideways control

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16
Q

The group of marine Archaea that are more abundant in the ocean photic zone and are heterotrophs

A

Marine Group II

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17
Q

Ygr = growth/food intake = G/GRE = G/GM

A

Growth yield/growth efficiency

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18
Q

Bacteria that photosynthesize

A

Cyanobacteria

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19
Q

The efficiency of the transfer of energy between trophic levels

A

Transfer efficiency

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20
Q

Always capable of utilizing resources in an optimal way because well-adapted species, although present in porportionally low numbers, are always present.

A

Functionally redundant

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21
Q

Enzymes that break down proteins

A

Peptidases

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22
Q

The production (growth) at one level is taken as the food intake for the subsequent one

A

Trophic yield

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23
Q

Organisms that use CO2 as an electron acceptor in respiration of simple organic compounds, producing methane CH4 as an end product

A

Methanogenic methylotrophic archaea

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24
Q

Resource limits population growth or metabolic rate instead of directly limiting standing biomass

A

Blackman limitation

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25
Q

The grazing control on prey populations

A

Top-down control

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26
Q

A gel released by phytoplankton and bacteria; a major source of DOM in seawater

A

Exopolymeric substances (EPs)

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27
Q

Chemical or molecular elements that can be translated to biomass with known correction factors

A

Proxy

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28
Q

A process in which NH4 and NO2 are converted by anammox bacteria into N2

A

Anammox process

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29
Q

A measurement method of secondary production in which no distinguishing of cohorts is needed

A

Allometric computations

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30
Q

The population size or biomass that an ecosystem can support in the long term.

A

Carrying capacity

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31
Q

Organisms that turn organic monomers into a variety of simple organic compounds including alcohol, organic acids, and acetate.

A

Fermenting bacteria

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32
Q

Driven by microbial production and consumption of organic matter and is currently not well understood

A

Biological carbon pump

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33
Q

Cannot ingest prey but acquire their substrate, ‘food’, from their environment through the cell membrane as dissolved molecules.

A

Osmotrophs

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34
Q

The availability of the scarcest resource limits the abundance (or standing biomass) of an organism.

A

Liebig’s law of the minimum

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35
Q

Submicroscopic biological entities of about 20 to 200nm in size that replicate by infecting cellular life and using the cellular machinery of the host cell

A

Viruses

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36
Q

Characterized by hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to flagellum but occur in larger number on the cell surface; can be bacterivorous, herbivores, predatory or mixtrophic

A

Ciliates

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37
Q

A field of biology that applies molecular population genetics, phylogenetics, and genomics to answer ecological questions.

A

Molecular ecology

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38
Q

A conglomeration of decaying organisms - excrement, gelatinous material, discarded zooplankton houses, and various biological secretions

A

Marine snow

39
Q

Elongated cells

A

Rods

40
Q

Organic matter used in marine secondary production that is produced within the marine system by primary producers

A

Autochthonous

41
Q

Heterotrophic prokaryotic microbes deriving their energy and carbon from decomposition and respiration of organic material produced by autotrophic organisms.

A

Organotrophs

42
Q

The search for new biomolecules from previously unexplored genetic material

A

Marine bioprospecting

43
Q

Patch exploiters; species that can respond to a sudden increase in food availability, and grow and multiply rapidly.

A

r-ecotypes

44
Q

Characteristically fall into the body size range of 20 to 200 um and include major subgroups such as ciliates and larger dinoflagellates

A

Microzooplankton

45
Q

A system of interconnected food chains depicting the multiple interactions in an ecological community

A

Food web

46
Q

Simultaneously takes place in all locations and contributes to new genetic diversity and thereby increases the differences between local communities

A

Mutation

47
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria

A

Bacteriophages

48
Q

Species that are able to effectively compete for scarce resources

A

K-ecotypes / oligotrophs

49
Q

Bacteria excrete and sense signal molecules, which help the bacteria to switch from solitary planktonic lifestyle into a communal biofilm lifestyle

A

Quorum sensing

50
Q

Obtain their carbon from CO2 and grow in the absence of organic compounds

A

Chemolithotrophic organisms

51
Q

The group of marine Archaea that mainly function as chemolithoautotrophs and occur predominantly in the deep ocean.

A

Marine Group I

52
Q

Viruses infect cells, replicate, and release themselves into the environment through lysis of the host cell.

A

Lytic cycle

53
Q

Done by removing larger organisms and other particles by pre-filtration and then collecting microbial cells on fine filters for direct carbon analysis

A

Direct measurement of microbial carbon

54
Q

A predator suppressing the abundance of its prey and thereby releasing predation pressure on the next lower level, increasing its abundance and further suppressing their prey.

A

Trophic cascade

55
Q

Species in anaerobic conditions that use other oxidized substrates (e.g. nitrate and sulphate) instead of oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor

A

Anoxygenic heterotrophs

56
Q

The use of nitrate, sulphate, carbonate, and organic compounds as electron acceptors, in the absence of sufficient concentrations of oxygen

A

Anaerobic respiration

57
Q

Recycles material assimilated into organic matter during primary production back to the inorganic state.

A

Remineralization

58
Q

A relatively new scientific discipline that focuses on the ocean as a habitat for the evolution and regulation of microbial-based processes and their ecological consequences.

A

Microbial oceanography

59
Q

The increment summation method estimates the area under the curve where density is plotted against average body mass

A

Allen plot

60
Q

A field of science concerned with the management and analysis of massive amounts of genetic information.

A

Bioinformatics

61
Q

Stores carbon in very recalcitrant biomolecules bacteria are unable to degrade that can persist in the ocean for thousands of years

A

Microbial carbon pump

62
Q

Organisms living in aerobic conditions that use oxygen as the external electron acceptor in oxidation

A

Oxygenic heterotrophs

63
Q

Organisms that use sulphate, thiosulphate, and elemental sulphur as electron acceptors in respiration.

A

Sulphur-reducing bacteria and archaea

64
Q

Unicellular eukaryotes that can occur as individual cells or colonies; can be either auto- or heterotrophic

A

Marine protists

65
Q

A group of phototrophic marine bacteria which are numerically dominant primary producers and contribute significantly to both the biomass and primary production across main ocean regions

A

Picocyanobacteria

66
Q

Enzymes that break down fatty acids

A

Lipases

67
Q

Organisms that oxidize H2S and elemental sulphur

A

Purple sulphur bacteria

68
Q

Autotrophic prokaryotic microbes deriving their energy for growth from inorganic reduced compounds and capable of fixing atmospheric carbon dioxide for their carbon demand.

A

Chemolithotrophs

69
Q

Used where microbial cells are directly counted and their biovolume measured either by epifluoresence microscopy or by flow cytometry

A

Cell-counting

70
Q

The production of tissues such as muscle, brain, skin, scales, shells, etc.

A

Somatic

71
Q

The boundary between dense, cooler bottom water and warmer, less dense surface water.

A

Thermocline

72
Q

Because viral consumption of cell pieces, proteins, peptides, DNA, etc. prevents this material from being consumed by protozoans, the material is shunted away from the food web and becomes available to be taken up by bacteria and autotrophs.

A

Viral shunt

73
Q

Includes substrate (organic or inorganic) type and its availability, nutrient availability, temperature, salinity, pressure, all factors that affect the raw new cells entering into a given population

A

Control of growth rates (bottom-up)

74
Q

Spherical cells

A

Cocci

75
Q

Organisms that have no membrane-bound organelles such as nuclei in their cells; they are all microscopic, single-celled organisms.

A

Prokaryotes

76
Q

Ammonium is converted to nitrate, which is used rapidly by phytoplankton in the photic zone but accumulates in the deeper water layers.

A

Nitrification

77
Q

Enzymes that break down starch and other polysaccharides

A

Amylases

78
Q

Organic matter used in marine secondary production that is transported from land into ocean coastal margins via rivers.

A

Allochthonous

79
Q

Grow in the tissues of hydrothermal vent organisms where sulphides are introduced into well-oxygenated seawater

A

Sulphur-oxidizing bacteria

80
Q

A microbially mediated nitrogen transformation process where oxidized nitrogen compounds are used as electron acceptors.

A

Denitrification

81
Q

Abundance-controlling factors related to resource availability

A

Bottom-up control

82
Q

The pathway leading from oceanic DOM into microbial food webs.

A

Microbial Loop

83
Q

Capable of obtaining energy simultaneously from photosynthesis and through the use of organic compounds

A

Mixotrophs

84
Q

A single carbon atom (also a nitrogen or phosphate atom) in organic material can be taken up by marine organisms several times before it is respired.

A

Organic recycling

85
Q

Metabolism/biomass = S/V; inversely proportional to an organism’s linear dimensions.

A

Specific metabolic rate

86
Q

Organisms that use inorganic chemicals as their energy source

A

Chemolithotrophic prokaryotes

87
Q

A linear series of links describing feeding interactions starting from primary producers and ending in top predators in a given system

A

Food chain

88
Q

Heterotrophic production, based mainly on decomposition and recycling of the energy stored in dead marine organisms and their exudates.

A

Secondary production

89
Q

Constitutes by far the largest organic pool in the ocean water, and one of the largest on the planet.

A

Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC)

90
Q

The stochastic events that occur within each local community that determine the possible adaptations it can undergo

A

Drift

91
Q

Determines the connectivity of populations among different geographical locations

A

Dispersal

92
Q

Flagellated bacterivores from a diverse range of protists and size ranges.

A

Heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF)

93
Q

A group of plants or animals born more or less at the same time

A

Cohort

Marine Ecology (4 decks)

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