Quiz 3 Flashcards by Amy Wright

The production of reproductive tissue such as sperm and eggs

Gonad

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Transports mostly dissolved inorganic carbon and is controlled by CO2 dissolubility and large-scale ocean circulation

Solubility carbon pump

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The level of sufficiently different DNA sequences found.

Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The major metabolic pathway for degradation of organic matter in the ocean

Aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The environment selects the species better adapted to local conditions

Selection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Viruses limit the abundance of bacterial species that become dominant in the microbial community since the viral infection rate increases as the concentration of host cells increases

Kill-the-winner hypothesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Includes crustaceans that are taxonomically very distinct from zooplankton protists

Metazoan larval zooplankton

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Originates from direct release from living organisms such as extracellular release by phytoplankton, grazer-mediated release, release via cell lysis, solubilization of detrital and sinking POM particles, and release from prokaryotes

Dissolved Organic Material (DOM)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Viruses infect the cell and insert their genome into the host genome, staying latent and replicating within the host until some external fact triggers the lytic cycle (induction)

Lysogenic cycle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Protozoan predation, viral mortality, competition, and starvation, which determine cell activity or its removal from the population

Mortality-controlling factors (top-down)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An infected host cell and its progeny constantly produce and release new viral particles without completely lysing

Chronic lifecycle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Flagellated cells that have two different flagellae, one of which is used for motility and one for grazing

Dinoflagellates

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Organisms that use carbon dioxide as their main carbon source

Ammonium oxidizers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describes how biomass is produced by the standing stock of biomass, usually per year

Production to biomass ratio P/B

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Resource competition between bacterial populations and the active negative effects they can direct towards each other

Sideways control

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The group of marine Archaea that are more abundant in the ocean photic zone and are heterotrophs

Marine Group II

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ygr = growth/food intake = G/GRE = G/GM

Growth yield/growth efficiency

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bacteria that photosynthesize

Cyanobacteria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The efficiency of the transfer of energy between trophic levels

Transfer efficiency

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Always capable of utilizing resources in an optimal way because well-adapted species, although present in porportionally low numbers, are always present.

Functionally redundant

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Enzymes that break down proteins

Peptidases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The production (growth) at one level is taken as the food intake for the subsequent one

Trophic yield

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Organisms that use CO2 as an electron acceptor in respiration of simple organic compounds, producing methane CH4 as an end product

Methanogenic methylotrophic archaea

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Resource limits population growth or metabolic rate instead of directly limiting standing biomass

Blackman limitation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The grazing control on prey populations

Top-down control

A gel released by phytoplankton and bacteria; a major source of DOM in seawater

Exopolymeric substances (EPs)

Chemical or molecular elements that can be translated to biomass with known correction factors

Proxy

A process in which NH4 and NO2 are converted by anammox bacteria into N2

Anammox process

A measurement method of secondary production in which no distinguishing of cohorts is needed

Allometric computations

The population size or biomass that an ecosystem can support in the long term.

Carrying capacity

Organisms that turn organic monomers into a variety of simple organic compounds including alcohol, organic acids, and acetate.

Fermenting bacteria

Driven by microbial production and consumption of organic matter and is currently not well understood

Biological carbon pump

Cannot ingest prey but acquire their substrate, 'food', from their environment through the cell membrane as dissolved molecules.

Osmotrophs

The availability of the scarcest resource limits the abundance (or standing biomass) of an organism.

Liebig's law of the minimum

Submicroscopic biological entities of about 20 to 200nm in size that replicate by infecting cellular life and using the cellular machinery of the host cell

Viruses

Characterized by hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to flagellum but occur in larger number on the cell surface; can be bacterivorous, herbivores, predatory or mixtrophic

Ciliates

A field of biology that applies molecular population genetics, phylogenetics, and genomics to answer ecological questions.

Molecular ecology

A conglomeration of decaying organisms - excrement, gelatinous material, discarded zooplankton houses, and various biological secretions

Marine snow

Elongated cells

Rods

Organic matter used in marine secondary production that is produced within the marine system by primary producers

Autochthonous

Heterotrophic prokaryotic microbes deriving their energy and carbon from decomposition and respiration of organic material produced by autotrophic organisms.

Organotrophs

The search for new biomolecules from previously unexplored genetic material

Marine bioprospecting

Patch exploiters; species that can respond to a sudden increase in food availability, and grow and multiply rapidly.

r-ecotypes

Characteristically fall into the body size range of 20 to 200 um and include major subgroups such as ciliates and larger dinoflagellates

Microzooplankton

A system of interconnected food chains depicting the multiple interactions in an ecological community

Food web

Simultaneously takes place in all locations and contributes to new genetic diversity and thereby increases the differences between local communities

Mutation

Viruses that infect bacteria

Bacteriophages

Species that are able to effectively compete for scarce resources

K-ecotypes / oligotrophs

Bacteria excrete and sense signal molecules, which help the bacteria to switch from solitary planktonic lifestyle into a communal biofilm lifestyle

Quorum sensing

Obtain their carbon from CO2 and grow in the absence of organic compounds

Chemolithotrophic organisms

The group of marine Archaea that mainly function as chemolithoautotrophs and occur predominantly in the deep ocean.

Marine Group I

Viruses infect cells, replicate, and release themselves into the environment through lysis of the host cell.

Lytic cycle

Done by removing larger organisms and other particles by pre-filtration and then collecting microbial cells on fine filters for direct carbon analysis

Direct measurement of microbial carbon

A predator suppressing the abundance of its prey and thereby releasing predation pressure on the next lower level, increasing its abundance and further suppressing their prey.

Trophic cascade

Species in anaerobic conditions that use other oxidized substrates (e.g. nitrate and sulphate) instead of oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor

Anoxygenic heterotrophs

The use of nitrate, sulphate, carbonate, and organic compounds as electron acceptors, in the absence of sufficient concentrations of oxygen

Anaerobic respiration

Recycles material assimilated into organic matter during primary production back to the inorganic state.

Remineralization

A relatively new scientific discipline that focuses on the ocean as a habitat for the evolution and regulation of microbial-based processes and their ecological consequences.

Microbial oceanography

The increment summation method estimates the area under the curve where density is plotted against average body mass

Allen plot

A field of science concerned with the management and analysis of massive amounts of genetic information.

Bioinformatics

Stores carbon in very recalcitrant biomolecules bacteria are unable to degrade that can persist in the ocean for thousands of years

Microbial carbon pump

Organisms living in aerobic conditions that use oxygen as the external electron acceptor in oxidation

Oxygenic heterotrophs

Organisms that use sulphate, thiosulphate, and elemental sulphur as electron acceptors in respiration.

Sulphur-reducing bacteria and archaea

Unicellular eukaryotes that can occur as individual cells or colonies; can be either auto- or heterotrophic

Marine protists

A group of phototrophic marine bacteria which are numerically dominant primary producers and contribute significantly to both the biomass and primary production across main ocean regions

Picocyanobacteria

Enzymes that break down fatty acids

Lipases

Organisms that oxidize H2S and elemental sulphur

Purple sulphur bacteria

Autotrophic prokaryotic microbes deriving their energy for growth from inorganic reduced compounds and capable of fixing atmospheric carbon dioxide for their carbon demand.

Chemolithotrophs

Used where microbial cells are directly counted and their biovolume measured either by epifluoresence microscopy or by flow cytometry

Cell-counting

The production of tissues such as muscle, brain, skin, scales, shells, etc.

Somatic

The boundary between dense, cooler bottom water and warmer, less dense surface water.

Thermocline

Because viral consumption of cell pieces, proteins, peptides, DNA, etc. prevents this material from being consumed by protozoans, the material is shunted away from the food web and becomes available to be taken up by bacteria and autotrophs.

Viral shunt

Includes substrate (organic or inorganic) type and its availability, nutrient availability, temperature, salinity, pressure, all factors that affect the raw new cells entering into a given population

Control of growth rates (bottom-up)

Spherical cells

Cocci

Organisms that have no membrane-bound organelles such as nuclei in their cells; they are all microscopic, single-celled organisms.

Prokaryotes

Ammonium is converted to nitrate, which is used rapidly by phytoplankton in the photic zone but accumulates in the deeper water layers.

Nitrification

Enzymes that break down starch and other polysaccharides

Amylases

Organic matter used in marine secondary production that is transported from land into ocean coastal margins via rivers.

Allochthonous

Grow in the tissues of hydrothermal vent organisms where sulphides are introduced into well-oxygenated seawater

Sulphur-oxidizing bacteria

A microbially mediated nitrogen transformation process where oxidized nitrogen compounds are used as electron acceptors.

Denitrification

Abundance-controlling factors related to resource availability

Bottom-up control

The pathway leading from oceanic DOM into microbial food webs.

Microbial Loop

Capable of obtaining energy simultaneously from photosynthesis and through the use of organic compounds

Mixotrophs

A single carbon atom (also a nitrogen or phosphate atom) in organic material can be taken up by marine organisms several times before it is respired.

Organic recycling

Metabolism/biomass = S/V; inversely proportional to an organism's linear dimensions.

Specific metabolic rate

Organisms that use inorganic chemicals as their energy source

Chemolithotrophic prokaryotes

A linear series of links describing feeding interactions starting from primary producers and ending in top predators in a given system

Food chain

Heterotrophic production, based mainly on decomposition and recycling of the energy stored in dead marine organisms and their exudates.

Secondary production

Constitutes by far the largest organic pool in the ocean water, and one of the largest on the planet.

Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC)

The stochastic events that occur within each local community that determine the possible adaptations it can undergo

Drift

Determines the connectivity of populations among different geographical locations

Dispersal

Flagellated bacterivores from a diverse range of protists and size ranges.

Heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF)

A group of plants or animals born more or less at the same time

Cohort