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BIOL 251 > Quiz 7 > Flashcards

Quiz 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Which organelle in the endomembrane system plays an important role in the glycosylation of proteins.

A

Golgi Apparatus

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2
Q

Transition vesicles that bud from the ER fuse with the ……………………….., delivering lipids and proteins to the Golgi apparatus. Proteins then move through the Golgi cisternae toward the ………………………. .

A

cis-Golgi network (CGN), trans-Golgi network (TGN).

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3
Q

Hydrolytic enzymes destined for the …………………….. are phosphorylated on a mannose residue.

A

Lysosome.

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4
Q

………………….. adds lipids and proteins to the plasma membrane when secretory granules release their contents to the extracellular medium by fusing with the plasma membrane. This addition of materials to the plasma membrane is balanced by …………………. , which removes lipids and proteins from the plasma membrane as extracellular material is internalized in vesicles.

A

Exocytosis, Endocystosis.

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5
Q

Phagocytosis is a type of ……………………….., involving the ingestion of extracellular particles through invagination of the plasma membrane.

A

Endocytosis

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6
Q

Receptor-mediated ………………………….. depends on highly specific binding of ligands to corresponding receptors on the cell surface.

a. Exocytosis
b. Phagocytosis
c. Endocytosis
d. Both b and c are correct.

A

c. Endocytosis.

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7
Q

………….. proteins—which include clathrin, COPI, COPII, and caveolin—participate in the sorting of molecules fated for different destinations as well as in the formation of vesicles.

A

Coat.

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8
Q

…………… coated vesicles deliver material from the TGN or plasma membrane to endosomes.

A

Clathrin

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9
Q

……………… coated vesicles carry materials from the ER to the Golgi, while ………………. coated vesicles transport material from the Golgi back to the ER.

A

COPII, COPI

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10
Q

Once the transport vesicle nears its destination, it is recognized and bound by tethering proteins attached to the target membrane. At this point the ……………….. in the transport vesicle membrane and the …………………… in the target membrane interact physically, helping promote membrane fusion.

A

v-SNAREs, t-SNAREs

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11
Q

Extracellular material obtained from phagocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis is sorted in …………… endosomes, which mature to form …………….. endosomes and …………………. as they fuse with vesicles containing inactive hydrolytic enzymes packaged in the TGN.

A

Early, Late, Lysosome.

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12
Q

The turnover and recycling of cellular structures that are damaged or no longer needed is known as ………………..

A

Autophagy.

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13
Q

The plant ………………. is an acidic compartment resembling the animal lysosome. In addition to having hydrolytic enzymes for digestion of macromolecules, it helps the plant cell maintain positive turgor pressure and serves as a storage compartment for a variety of plant metabolites.

A

Vacuole.

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14
Q

The latent acid hydrolases capable of degrading most biological molecules become active due to the ………… pH.

A

Low.

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15
Q

Interconnected system of cytoplasmic membranes in eukaryotic cells composed of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, lysosomes, and nuclear envelope.

A

Endomembrane system.

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16
Q

The …………… vesicles carry membrane lipids and membrane-bound proteins to the their proper destinations in the cell at the proper time, and they also carry soluble material destined for secretion to the plasma membrane.

A

Transport.

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17
Q

Network of interconnected membranes distributed throughout the cytoplasm and involved in the synthesis, processing and transport of proteins in eukaryotic cells.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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18
Q

Flattened sacs of the endoplasmic reticulum.

A

ER cisternae.

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19
Q

Internal space enclosed by membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum.

A

ER lumen.

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20
Q

The ER is the source of most of the ……………. that are assembled to form intracellular membranes and the plasma membrane.

A

Lipids.

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21
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes on its cytosolic side because of its involvement in protein synthesis.

A

Rough ER.

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22
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum that has no attached ribosomes and plays no direct role in protein synthesis, involved in packaging of secretory proteins and synthesis of lipids.

A

Smooth ER.

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23
Q

Cells involved in the biosynthesis of secretory proteins, such as liver cells and cells producing digestive enzymes tend to have very prominent …………….. ER networks.

A

Rough.

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24
Q

Cells producing steroid hormones, such as in the testis or ovary, contain extensive networks of ……………. ER.

A

Smooth.

25
Q

Drug detoxification often involves enzyme-catalyzed ……………… because the addition of hydroxyl groups to hydrophobic drugs makes them more soluble and easier to excrete from the body.

A

Hydroxylation.

26
Q

Family of heme-containing proteins, located mainly in the liver, that catalyze hydroxylation reactions involved in drug detoxification and steroid biosynthesis.

A

Cytochrome P-450.

27
Q

Study of how inherited differences in genes cause people to respond differently to drugs and medications.

A

Pharmacogenetics.

28
Q

When glucose is needed by the body, especially between meals and in response it increase muscular activity, liver glycogen is broken down by …………………. .

A

Phosphorolysis.

29
Q

The ………………………. reticulum found in muscle cells is an example of ………………… ER that specializes in the storage of calcium.

A

Sarcoplasmic, Smooth.

30
Q

Membrane protein that catalyzes the flip-flop of membrane phospholipids from one monolayer to the other.

A

Phospholipid translocator (flippase)

31
Q

A group of proteins located in the cytosol that transfer specific phospholipid molecules from the ER membrane to the outer mitochondrial, chloroplast, or plasma membranes.

A

Phospholipid exchange protein.

32
Q

Membrane vesicles that shuttles lipids and proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus.

A

Transition vesicles.

33
Q

Region of the Golgi apparatus consisting of a network of membrane-bounded tubules that are located closest to the transitional elements.

A

Cis-Golgi network (CGN)

34
Q

Flattened membrane sac of the Golgi apparatus located between the membrane tubules of the cis-Golgi network and the trans-Golgi network.

A

Medial cisterna.

35
Q

Model postulating that each compartment of the Golgi stack is a stable structure and that traffic between successive cisternae is mediated by shuttle vesicles that bud from one cisterna and fuse with another.

A

Stationary cisternae model.

36
Q

Model postulating that Golgi cisternae are transient compartments that gradually change from cis-Golgi network cisternae into medial cisternae and then into trans- Golgi network cisternae.

A

Cisternal maturation model.

37
Q

Movement of material from the ER through the Golgi apparatus toward the plasma membrane.

A

Anterograde transport.

38
Q

Movement of vesicles from Golgi cisternae back toward the ER.

A

Retrograde transport.

39
Q

Addition of carbohydrate side chains to specific amino acid residues of proteins, usually beginning in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and completed in the Golgi apparatus.

A

Glycosylation.

40
Q

Protein with one or more carbohydrate groups linked covalently to amino acid side chains.

A

Glycoprotein.

41
Q

Involves the addition of a specific oligosaccharide unit to the nitrogen atom on the terminal amino group of certain asparagine residues.

A

N-linked glycosylation.

42
Q

Involves the addition of oligosaccharide units to hydroxyl groups of serine or threonine residues in protein molecules.

A

O-linked glycosylation.

43
Q

The most abundant member of Hsp70 family of chaperones; present in the ER lumen, where it facilitates protein folding by reversibly binding to the hydrophobic regions of polypeptide chains.

A

Binding protein (BiP).

44
Q

Enzyme in ER lumen that catalyzes the formation and breakage of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues in polypeptide chains.

A

Protein disulfide isomerase.

45
Q

Quality control mechanism in which sensor molecules in the ER membrane detect misfolded proteins and trigger a response that inhibits the synthesis of most proteins while enhancing the production of those required for protein folding and degradation.

A

Unfolded protein response (UPR).

46
Q

Quality control mechanism in the ER that recognizes misfolded or unassembled proteins and exports them back across the ER membrane to the cytosol, where they are degraded by proteasomes.

A

ER- associated degradation (ERAD).

47
Q

Initial oligosaccharide segment joined to an asparagine residue during N-glycosylation of a polypeptide chain; consists of two N-acetylglucosamine units , nine mannose units, and three glucose units.

A

Core oligosaccharide.

48
Q

A membrane-bound ER protein that forms a protein complex with a newly synthesized glycoprotein and assists in its proper folding.

A

Calnexin.

49
Q

A soluble ER protein that forms a protein complex with a newly synthesized glycoprotein and assists in its proper folding.

A

Calreticulin.

50
Q

Modification of glycoproteins in the Golgi apparatus involving removal and/or addition of sugars to the carbohydrate side chains formed by prior core glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Terminal Glycosylation.

51
Q

Uptake by organelles of completed polypeptide chains after they have been synthesized, mediated by specific targeting signals within the polypeptide.

A

Posttranslational import.

52
Q

Transfer of a growing polypeptide chain across the ER membrane as polypeptide synthesis proceeds.

A

Cotranslational import.

53
Q

Amino acid sequence in a newly forming polypeptide chain that directs the ribosome mRNA-polypeptide complex to the surface of the rough ER, where the complex becomes anchored.

A

ER signal sequence.

54
Q

Cytoplasmic RNA-protein complex that binds to the ER signal sequence located at the N-terminus of a newly forming polypeptide chain and directs the ribosome- mRNA- polypeptide complex to the surface of the ER membrane.

A

Signal recognition particle (SRP).

55
Q

Structure in the ER membrane that carries out the translocation of newly forming polypeptides across the ER membrane.

A

Translocon.

56
Q

Vesicles budding off the TGN that are sites for the sorting and recycling of extracellular material brought into the cell by endocytosis.

A

Early endosome.

57
Q

Hydrophobic amino acid sequence in a newly forming polypeptide that halts translocation of the chain through the ER membrane, thereby anchoring the polypeptide within the membrane.

A

Stop-transfer sequence.

58
Q

Amino acid sequence in a newly forming polypeptide that acts as both an ER signal sequence that directs the ribosome-mRNA-polypeptide complex to the ER membrane and as a membrane anchor that permanently attaches the polypeptide to the lipid bilayer.

A

Start-transfer sequence.

BIOL 251 (7 decks)

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