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BIOL 251 > Quiz 6 Cell Bio > Flashcards

Quiz 6 Cell Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Synthetic Pathways that produce cellular components are known as

A

Anabolic pathways

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2
Q

Degradative pathways involved in the breakdown of cellular constituents are called

A

Catabolic pathways

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3
Q

The molecule that is most commonly used as an energy source to carry out cellular work is

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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4
Q

High-energy bond between phosphate groups.

A

Phosphoanhydride bond

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5
Q

Bond that forms when a sugar molecule binds with a phosphate group

A

Phosphoester bond

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6
Q

Bond that forms when a sugar molecule binds with a phosphate group and a hydroxyl group

A

Phosphodiester bond

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7
Q

This force drives apart two ions, molecules or regions of molecules of the same electric charge.

A

Charge repulsion

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8
Q

Organisms that require oxygen to maintain metabolic activity.

A

Obligate aerobes

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9
Q

Organisms that do not require oxygen and in fact, oxygen is typically quite toxic to them.

A

Obligate anaerobes.

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10
Q

These organisms can switch between aerobic metabolism and anaerobic metabolism as needed.

A

Facultative organisms

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11
Q

This molecule is phosphorylated twice by and split to form two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

A

Glucose molecule.

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12
Q

In the presence of oxygen, many organisms convert pyruvate to an activated form of acetate known as

A

Acetyl CoA

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13
Q

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is reduced so that NADH can be oxidized to …………………. the form of this coenzyme required in reaction Gly-6 of glycolysis.

A

NAD+

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14
Q

In the absence of oxygen, this is a common product of pyruvate reduction in most animals and many bacteria.

A

Lactate.

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15
Q

In the absence of oxygen, this is a common product of pyruvate reduction in many plant cells and in yeasts and other microorganisms.

A

Ethanol and CO2.

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16
Q

This enzyme is used to reduce pyruvate to lactate in the absence of oxygen.

A

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

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17
Q

Oxidation- driven flow of electrons from reduced coenzymes to an electron acceptor, usually accompanied by the generation of ATP.

A

Cellular Respiration

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18
Q

This is a reduced coenzyme generated by the glycolytic catabolism of sugars or related compounds.

A

NADH

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19
Q

Exergonic process by which cells oxidize glucose to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen as the ultimate electron acceptor, with a significant proton of the released energy conserved as ATP.

A

Aerobic respiration

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20
Q

Most of aerobic energy metabolism in eukaryotic cells takes place within this organelle.

A

Mitochondria

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21
Q

This is the metabolic pathway that oxidizes acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen, generating ATP and the reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2.

A

Citric Acid Cycle

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22
Q

High-energy, two-carbon compound generated by glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, employed for transferring carbon atoms to the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

A

Acetyl CoA

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23
Q

This enzyme is used to convert pyruvate to an activated form of acetate known as acetyl CoA.

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)

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24
Q

What are the inputs in the TCA cycle/citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl-CoA from sugars or lipids
Oxidized coenzymes in the form of NAD+, FAD
ADP

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25
Q

What are the outputs in the TCA cycle/citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle?

A

CO2
Coenzyme A
Reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2
ATP

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26
Q

Process by which plants and certain bacteria convert light energy to chemical energy that is then used in synthesizing organic molecules.

A

Photosynthesis

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27
Q

Organism that is capable of using the radiant energy of the sun to satisfy its energy requirements.

A

Phototroph

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28
Q

Organisms capable of obtaining energy from the sun but dependent on organic compounds rather than carbon dioxide, for carbon.

A

Photoheterotroph

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29
Q

Organisms that are capable of obtaining energy from the sun and using this energy to drive the synthesis of energy-rich organic molecules, using carbon dioxide as a source of carbon.

A

Photoautotrophs

30
Q

Organic molecule that serves as a carrier of acyl groups by forming a high energy thioester bond with an organic acid.

A

Coenzyme A (CoA)

31
Q

The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate by a cell is an example of what type of reaction?

A) anabolic
B) aerobic 
C) catabolic 
D) apoptotic 
E) synthetic
A

C) catabolic

32
Q

An anabolic reaction usually

A) yields energy.
B) requires energy.
C) involves no change in energy.
D) is degradative, regardless of energy change.
E) decreases molecular order.
A

B) requires energy.

33
Q

A phosphoanhydride bond

A) is a high-energy bond.
B) has a standard free energy of hydrolysis of −7.3 kcal/mol.
C) is broken by hydrolysis.
D) links two phosphate groups.
E) All of the above are correct.
A

E) All of the above are correct.

34
Q

The negatively charged phosphates of ATP influence one another by

A) positron emission.
B) charge repulsion.
C) resonance destabilization.
D) standard free energy.
E) All of the above are correct.
A

B) charge repulsion.

35
Q

Consider the following list of phosphorylated compounds with their free energies of phosphate hydrolysis:
Glucose-1-phosphate: -5.0 kcal/mol PEP: -14.8 kcal/mole
ATP: -7.3 kcal/mol

Which of these molecules could phosphorylate an unknown compound whose free energy of phosphate hydrolysis is -10.3kcal/mol?

A) Glucose-1-phosphate only
B) PEP only
C) ATP only
D) ATP and PEP
E) All three could phosphorylate the unknown compound.
A

B) PEP only

36
Q

Oxidation reactions in biological systems generally involve

A) addition of electrons and hydrogen ions.
B) loss of electrons and hydrogen ions.
C) addition of electrons and loss of hydrogen ions.
D) loss of electrons and addition of hydrogen ions.
E) loss of electrons and either addition or loss of hydrogen ions.

A

B) loss of electrons and hydrogen ions.

37
Q

NAD+

A) is derived from vitamin E.
B) is an electron source for biological oxidation reactions.
C) is a coenzyme acceptor of electrons and a hydrogen ion.
D) releases a phosphate to become NADH.
E) is the reduced form of the B vitamin niacin.

A

C) is a coenzyme acceptor of electrons and a hydrogen ion.

38
Q

Which of the following is a coenzyme?

A) NAD
B) NADP
C) FAD
D) CoA
E) All are coenzymes.
A

E) All are coenzymes.

39
Q

Oxygen is toxic to

A) obligate anaerobes.
B) obligate aerobes.
C) cancer cells.
D) facultative organisms.
E) All of the above.
A

A) obligate anaerobes.

40
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the role of NAD+/NADH in glycolysis?

A) NADH is used to directly create the phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP.
B) NAD+ accepts electrons.
C) NADH accepts electrons during fermentation.
D) NADH is used primarily in substrate-level phosphorylation.
E) All of the above are correct.

A

B) NAD+ accepts electrons.

41
Q

Consider the three phases of glycolysis:

(1) preparation and cleavage (Gly-1 to Gly-5)
(2) oxidation (Gly-6 to Gly-7)
(3) pyruvate formation (Gly-8 to Gly-10)

Which of these phases produces ATP?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 1 and 2
E) 2 and 3
A

E) 2 and 3

42
Q

The phosphate group that is removed from PEP when it becomes pyruvate

A) is added to NAD+ to make NADP.
B) is released as Pi.
C) is added to ADP to make ATP.
D) is added to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to make 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
E) is added to fructose-6-phosphate to make fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.

A

C) is added to ADP to make ATP.

43
Q

A temporary oxygen deficit during strenuous exercise causes a muscle to

A) synthesize muscle proteins in response to steroid hormone stimulation. 
B) synthesize glycogen.
C) ferment pyruvate to lactate.
D) switch to aerobic glycolysis.
E) synthesizemoreNAD+.
A

C) ferment pyruvate to lactate.

44
Q

Although pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis and no more ATP is generated by fermentation of pyruvate to ethanol, yeast produce ethanol under anaerobic conditions because

A) pyruvate export requires more energy than ethanol export.
B) electrons (and protons) are then added to ethanol to make lactate.
C) transfer of electrons from NADH to pyruvate to make ethanol regenerates NAD+, which is necessary for new rounds of glycolysis to proceed.
D) glycolysis substrate-level phosphorylation changes pyruvate to ethanol.
E) pyruvate to ethanol fermentation decreases deleterious CO2 levels.

A

C) transfer of electrons from NADH to pyruvate to make ethanol regenerates NAD+, which is necessary for new rounds of glycolysis to proceed.

45
Q

Each of the following is fermentation products except

A) ethanol.
B) lactate.
C) propionate. 
D) acetyl CoA. 
E) butyrate.
A

D) acetyl CoA.

46
Q

Which of the following is not a product of fermentation?

A) lactate
B) CO2 
C) ethanol
D) NAD+ 
E) glycogen
A

E) glycogen

47
Q 
Fermentation directly 
A) generates ATP.
B) regenerates NAD+ from NADH.
C) regenerates NADH from NAD+. 
D) produces acetyl CoA.
E) initiatesgluconeogenesis.
A

B) regenerates NAD+ from NADH.

48
Q

Cells can store energy in each of the following molecules except

A) ATP.
B) GTP.
C) creatine phosphate.
D) NADH.
E) Cells can store energy in all of the above molecules.
A

E) Cells can store energy in all of the above molecules.

49
Q

Each of the following can be the final electron acceptor in bacterial aerobic or anaerobic respiration except

A) sulfur.
B) hydrogen ions.
C) Fe3+.
D) oxygen. 
E) pyruvate.
A

E) pyruvate.

50
Q

Each of the following is a substrate for glycolysis except

A) galactose.
B) mannose.
C) lactose.
D) fructose.
E) All are substrates for glycolysis.
A

E) All are substrates for glycolysis.

51
Q

Three of the ten glycolysis enzyme reactions are not simply reversed in gluconeogenesis and require different enzymes because

A) these three glycolytic enzymes cannot catalyze the reaction in the reverse direction under any circumstances.
B) these three glycolytic steps are the most highly exergonic and thermodynamically difficult to reverse.
C) NAD+ needs to be generated from NADH at each of these three steps.
D) all three steps require hydrolysis of ATP for gluconeogenesis.
E) these three glycolytic enzymes are not present in the cells performing gluconeogenesis.

A

B) these three glycolytic steps are the most highly exergonic and thermodynamically difficult to reverse.

52
Q

Why are mitochondria so prevalent in skeletal muscle?

A) Mitochondria provide the muscle elasticity to contract.
B) Mitochondria are primarily involved in repairing damage accumulated during
exercise.
C) Mitochondria provide energy for muscle contraction.
D) Mitochondria produce energy anaerobically.
E) More mitochondria are required in tissues where blood flow is restricted.

A

C) Mitochondria provide energy for muscle contraction.

53
Q

In eukaryotes, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA

A) in the cellular cytosol.
B) during passage through the mitochondrial outer membrane.
C) in the intermembrane space.
D) during passage through the inner mitochondrial membrane.
E) in the mitochondrial matrix.

A

E) in the mitochondrial matrix.

54
Q

As pyruvate is prepared for the citric acid cycle, it undergoes a process of

A) reductive carboxylation.
B) oxidative decarboxylation.
C) oxidative carboxylation.
D) reductive decarboxylation.
E) substratelevelphosphorylation.
A

B) oxidative decarboxylation.

55
Q

Each of the following is a product of the citric acid cycle except

A) CO2.
B) ATP.
C) NADH.
D) acetyl CoA. 
E) FADH2.
A

D) acetyl CoA.

56
Q

Because the citric acid cycle links degradation and synthesis, the pathway is classified as

A) anabolic.
B) amphibolic. 
C) catabolic.
D) bipolar.
E) amphipathic.
A

B) amphibolic.

57
Q

The chemiosmotic model of ATP synthesis is based on each of the following lines of experimental evidence except

A) Artificial proton gradients established by addition of acid can drive ATP synthesis in the absence of electron transport.
B) Oxidative phosphorylation does not require a membrane-enclosed compartment.
C) Electron transport causes protons to be pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix.
D) The proton gradient established by electron transport has enough energy to drive
ATP synthesis.
E) Uncoupling agents abolish both the proton gradient and ATP synthesis.

A

B) Oxidative phosphorylation does not require a membrane-enclosed compartment.

58
Q

Each of the following could be the terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration except:

A) O2.
B) sulfur.
C) protons.
D) iron.
E) All could serve as the terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration.
A

A) O2.

59
Q

Thermogenin in the inner membrane of brown fat cell mitochondria does all of the following except

A) decrease the proton gradient.
B) uncouple ATP synthesis from electron transport.
C) generate heat.
D) decrease ATP synthesis.
E) increase ATP synthesis.
A

E) increase ATP synthesis.

60
Q

Photoheterotrophs are best described as organisms that obtain energy to make ATP

A) from organic compounds but use sunlight to produce carbon sources.
B) and organic compounds from sunlight.
C) from sunlight but cannot make organic compounds from CO2.
D) from NADH.
E) fromorganiccompounds.

A

C) from sunlight but cannot make organic compounds from CO2.

61
Q

Carbon dioxide generally enters a plant through pores called

A) mesophylls.
B) stomata.
C) cuticles.
D) connexons.
E) bacteriochlorophylls.
A

B) stomata.

62
Q

The process by which photosynthetic organisms use light energy for ATP production is known as

A) photorespiration.
B) photosynthesis.
C) phototaxis.
D) photophosphorylation. 
E) photoreduction.
A

D) photophosphorylation.

63
Q

Each of the following is true regarding bacterial anoxygenic photosynthesis except

A) O2 is released.
B) Hydrogen sulfide or thiosulfate can act as electron donors.
C) Bacteriochlorophyll b absorbs light energy in the far red range of the light
spectrum.
D) Electron flow is coupled to unidirectional proton pumping across the bacterial
plasma membrane.
E) Following electron flow, the electron is transferred from cytochrome c to
bacteriochlorophyll b.

A

A) O2 is released.

64
Q

In a chloroplast, the stroma is

A) a pore in the outer membrane.
B) a stack of thylakoids.
C) the region between in the inner and outer membranes.
D) a connection between the grana.
E) a gel-like matrix between the inner chloroplast membrane and the thylakoid
membrane.

A

E) a gel-like matrix between the inner chloroplast membrane and the thylakoid
membrane.

65
Q

Each of the following is part of the energy transduction from solar energy to chemical energy except

A) light absorption by chlorophyll.
B) electron flow through an electron transport system.
C) unidirectional proton pumping across a membrane.
D) an electrochemical proton gradient.
E) All are involved in the energy transduction.

A

E) All are involved in the energy transduction.

66
Q

Most reactions involving NADP+ are ________ reactions, whereas most reactions involving NAD+ are ________ reactions.

A) anabolic; catabolic
B) catabolic; anabolic
C) metabolic; anabolic
D) anabolic; both catabolic and anabolic
E) both catabolic and anabolic; catabolic
A

A) anabolic; catabolic

67
Q

The Calvin cycle occurs in the chloroplast

A) stroma.
B) grana.
C) thylakoid lumen.
D) thylakoid membrane.
E) outer membrane.
A

A) stroma.

68
Q

In the Calvin cycle, the enzyme that catalyzes the capture of carbon dioxide and the formation of 3-phosphoglycerate is

A) phosphoglycerokinase.
B) ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco).
C) triose phosphate isomerase.
D) ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase.
E) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase.

A

B) ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco).

69
Q

Continuous carbon assimilation in the Calvin cycle is made possible by the regeneration of

A) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. 
B) dihydroxyacetone phosphate. 
C) ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. 
D) glycerate-1,3-bisphosphate. 
E) 3-phosphoglycerate.
A

C) ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate.

70
Q

Biosynthesis of sucrose occurs in the

A) cytosol.
B) stroma.
C) thylakoid lumen.
D) chloroplast intermembrane space. E) vacuole.

A

A) cytosol.

BIOL 251 (7 decks)

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