Quiz 5 Review Flashcards
Define Advocacy
Public support for or recommendation of a particular cause or policy
Define Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)
The care of patients using the best available research evidence to guide clinical decision making
Evidence Based Medicine is the ____________, _________ and ____________ use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.
Conscientious; explicit; and judicious
What are the 3 characteristics that make up the “Improved Patient Outcomes” Triangle?
I) Individual Clinical Experience
II) Best Available Clinical Evidence
III) Patient’s Values & Expectations
The volume of EBM has _______ rapidly.
Grown
In Evidence Based Medicine there are improvements in…
Research design, clinical measurements and methods
EBM is not conducted in…
Ivory towers and armchairs
How does one utilize EBM?
- Formulating a clinical question
- Finding the best available evidence
- Assessing the validity of the evidence
- Applying evidence in practice
- Evaluate performance
How do you formulate a clinical question?
Utilize PICO Questions
What is a PICO Question?
- Patient
- Intervention
- Comparison
- Outcome
What are the different categories of Evidence?
I) Primary (original) research
II) Systematic reviews
III) Summaries and guidelines
What is Primary (Original) Research?
- Randomized controlled trials
- Observational studies
- Diagnostic and prognostic studies
What are Systematic Reviews?
- Meta-analyses
Define Internal Validity
Are the results correct for the patients studied?
Define External Validity
Do the results apply to patients outside of the study
Define Study Design
How a study is set up
Define Experimental Study
Double-blind, randomized controlled
Define Cohort Study
Data collected over time and associations are made about predictor and outcome
Define Case-Control
Associations made between predictor and outcome based on whether outcome is present or absent
Define Cross-Sectional
Study group evaluated at one point in time to evaluate predictors and outcome
Define Temporal Characteristics
Dates and times of a study
Define Geographic Characteristics
Place of study (single or multicenter)
Define Sampling Strategy
Random or consecutively
Define Attrition
How many subjects dropped out of study
Define Chance
Random error, inherent in all observations
Define Power
Probability of finding a specific magnitude of association between predictor and outcome
What is the ratio for Power?
> 0.8
Define P-Value
Probability that the associations between predictor and outcome could occur by chance
What is the ratio for P-Value?
< 0.05
Define Confidence Interval
Range of values that are statistically compatible with estimate of the study result
Define Bias
Systematic error that produces a misleading impression of the true effect
Define Sensitivity
The proportion of patients with the disease who have a POSITIVE result
Define Specificity
The proportion of patients without the disease who have a NEGATIVE result
Define Intent-to-Treat
Groups are analyzed according to their original assignments
Define Confounding Factors
Something that skews the outcome that is related to the predictor variable
What does CASPA stand for?
Central Application Service for Physician Assistants (CASPA)
When was CASPA developed and by who?
Developed by PAEA in 2001
How much does a PA program must pay to join PAEA?
$3,800 per year
PA programs must pay a one-time participation fee of…
$5,500
How much does the first application CASPA cost?
$179 first program
How much does each subsequent additional program cost to apply to on CASPA?
$52
What are the benefits of using CASPA?
- Simplified admission process
- One application that can go to any selected PA program
- Verifies coursework and calculates GPAs
T/F You should start your CASPA application early
True
What must you need to have done 3 months or more prior to deadlines for CASPA?
- Begin application
- Inform references and see if they agree
- Fill out colleges attended and references section
What must you need to have done 10 weeks or more prior to deadlines for CASPA?
- Request transcripts to be sent directly to CASPA
- Confirm references have received emails
What must you need to have done 8 weeks or more prior to deadlines for CASPA?
- Fill out application using transcripts
- Check out CASPA for missing information
What must you need to have done 4 weeks or more prior to deadlines for CASPA?
- Monitor application status and complete any missing information
- Make sure letters of reference are in CASPA
