Quiz#5- Fungi

Question 1

What is a fungus? What are the key characteristics of the kingdom Fungi? What are the main body forms 
of fungi (e.g., multicellular vs. unicellular)?

Answer 1

key traits are absorptive heterotrophy(sectreting digestive enzymes to break down large food mole in the environment and presence of chitin in their cell walls.most fungi are multicellular however some are unicellular are found in each fungal group. The zygospore, club and sac fungi all contain the unicellular yeast.

Question 2

mycelium

Answer 2

this is the body of the multicellular fungi, composed of microtubule filaments called hyphae

Question 3

hyphae

Answer 3

are microtubule filaments in the multicellular fungi that have cell walls strengthened by chitin, a nitrogen containing polysaccaride..tthey extend great distances to take up nutrients

Question 4

yeast

Answer 4

unicellular forms of fungi present in zygospores, club and sac fungi,

Question 5

septa

Answer 5

incomplete cross-walls that divide the hyphae into cell-like compartments…they are incomplete because they have pores in them…those that contain these septa are called septate hyphae

Question 6

many fungi are saprobes, what does this mean?

Answer 6

fungi that are saprobes, absorb nutrients form dead organic matter through their plasma membranes

Question 7

Fruiting body

Answer 7

The mycelium organization into a reproductive body…this happens when a secual spore is produced…it is body of fungi…such as mushroom

Question 7

parasitic fungi

Answer 7

absorb nutrients from theur living hosts,

Question 8

mating types

Answer 8

the mating(sexula repro) bt some fungi may be within the same species as long as different mating type. INDIVIDUALS MAY DIFFERE GENETICALY BUT OFTEN VISUALLY AND BEHAVIORALLY THE SAME…so in sexual phase fungi is characterized by mating type (+,-) rather than male or female

Question 9

pathogenic fungi

Answer 9

are a major cause of death on people with weak immune systems such as those with AIDS and they are a growing problem in human health internationally, Also they infect amphibian speceis around the world, and are the most importatn plant pathogens more so then bacteria and viruses.

Question 10

symbiosis

Answer 10

relation where the two organisms live in constat interaction with each other…it can be a mutual parasitic or commensalism symbiosis

Question 11

mutualism

Answer 11

form of symbiosis where bothe organisms benfeit from the interaction

Question 12

lichens

Answer 12

are fungal associations with cyanobacteria, photosynthetic alga or both..this association is nt withing single roganisms but rather a meschowrk of different ones… so the fungus, photosynthitic microorganism, (unicellular alga or cyanobacteria) can include various kinds of each, thats why there are nearly 30, 000 soeceis of lichens……lichens are able to live in harsh environments but cannot handle air pollutatns and therefore are a key indicator of pollution levels. …they can be found as colored powder like, leafy, or shrubby appearance

Question 13

mmychorehizae

Answer 13

are associations of fungi and plant roots, where the fungi gets its organic compunds from the plant and in turn provides the plant with nutrients that boost the plant growth.w/o this interaction many plants grow poorly

Question 14

lichen symbiosis

Answer 14

the interaction/symbiosis of a lichen can be mutualistic with the algal cell b/c they relase photosynthetic products at a greater rate even when the fungi goes through its cell wall and presses against it…however symbiosis with the photosyntheitc cells decreases growth rate in comparison with their growth in fungi absence,..BUUT in some places these photosynthetic cells woulnt grow if it werent for the fungi.

Question 15

mycorrhizae symbiosis

Answer 15

the symbiosis is based on 2 types depdneing on if the hyphae penetrate the plant cell wall or not. In one(eg ectomycorrhizae) type the hyphae wraps around the roots and doesnt penetrate the cell wall rather penetrates the soil and increases the toot surface area allowing more nutrients and water for vascular plants ….In another(eg stbuscular mycorrhizae). the hypahe penetrate the cell wall(not plasma mem) and forms tree like structures, ,,which then help with drought and temp resistance…it ahs been argues that the evolution of mycorrhizae was the single most imp step in colonization of terrestrial envir.

Question 16

plasmogamy-in terrestrial fungi

Answer 16

fusing of two individuals hypahae cytoplams, which are of different mating type, which fuse even before their nuclei fuse

Question 17

karyogamy

Answer 17

the fuse of two individual nuclei, from diff mating type hyphae

Question 18

key features in in sac and club fungi….sexual reproduction..

Answer 18

happens in two steps plasmogamy(cytoplams fuse) and Karyogam,y(nuclie fuse)… where 2 gentically different haploid nucleir coexists and diviede within the same hypha—-dikayon…in this stage there are no gametes…only nuclei that fuse, so the only diploid stage is that of the zygote..however the ploidy of how the two cytoplasm have fused is called dikaryotic(n+n) so not haploid nor diplod…this stage lasts for months or even years in the club fungi but is short lived in the sac fungi

Question 19

dikaryon—synapomorphy of club and sac fungi

Answer 19

this is a stage that is inclcuded in the sac and club fungi life cycles where a single hypha has two genetically distict nuclei, so this hypha is called heterokaryon

Question 20

describe the generalized cycle of fungi

Answer 20

two diff mating types fuse in plasmogamy….then may have dikaryotic stage…fertilize so nuclei fuse and produce a 2n zygote…that will then undergo meiosis to create a spore-producing structure…that will give off the spores that undergo mitosis to begin an asexual reproduction where the different mating types divide and start the cycle again.

Question 21

sac fungi(ascompycota

Answer 21

large diverse group of fungi found in marinem, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. ..it has serptate hyphae..have ascus or asci reproductive sacs…and have a shortlived dikaryotic stage…sac fungi can be edible(morels, truffels), paristic in floering plants, prodiuction and brewing, antibiotic penicillin

Question 22

ascus

Answer 22

are sexual reprosductive structures in the sac fungi.. containging sexually producing ascospores…the asci may be very diverse and characterize the sac fungi

Question 23

ascoma

Answer 23

the specialized fruiting structure that may or may not contain the asci

Question 24

ascospore

Answer 24

sexually produced haplod spores within the asci.

Question 25

unicellular yeast in sac fungi

Answer 25

,,contain the baker’s yeats, that of wine making , and on fruit such as figs or grapes, also yeast may be contained in the insect guts….these sac yeasts repsoduce asexually via budding…or sexually via mating……….sac fungi yeast have lost the dikaryotic stage

Question 26

club fungi(basidiomycota)

Answer 26

produce some of the most spectacular fruiting structures in fungi….called basidiomata…these fungi can play impo.role in carbon cycle, pizza, can be plant pathogens, .

Question 27

basidium

Answer 27

in club fungi…..its a swollen cekk at tip of specialized fungi, and is the characteristic sexual reproductive structure…same role as ascus in sac fungi

Question 28

sac fungi reproductive cycle-fig30.12C

Answer 28

..

Question 29

club fungi reproductive cycle-fig30.12D

Answer 29

..

Question 30

basidiospores

Answer 30

tiny sracks of spores on tips of basidia..can produce up to 4.5 trillion in one growing season….basiodspres are forcibly discharged from the basidia to then germinate, giving rise to hyphae with haploid nuclei…that then goes on to have diff mating tuypes and continue the cycle from there